Distillation

• What is distillation used for?

  To separate mixtures containing liquids
• How many types of distillation should you know about?

  Two types
• What are the two types of distillation?

  Simple and fractional
• What is simple distillation used for?

  • Separating out a liquid from a solution
  • Used when the boiling point of the liquid is lower than that of the solute
• What happens to the solution during simple distillation?

  The solution is heated
• What part of the solution evaporates first in simple distillation?

  The part with the lowest boiling point
• What happens to the vapor in simple distillation?

  It condenses back into a liquid
• What is left behind in the flask after simple distillation?

  The rest of the solution
• What can simple distillation be used to obtain from seawater?

  Pure water
• What happens to the water during distillation of seawater?

  It evaporates and is collected
• What is the problem with simple distillation?

  It can only separate liquids with different boiling points
• What is fractional distillation used for?

  To separate mixtures with different boiling points
• What is the process of fractional distillation?

  1. Mixture is heated in a flask
  2. Vapors rise through a column
  3. Different components condense at different heights
  4. Collected separately based on boiling points
• What happens to the different liquids in fractional distillation?

  They condense at different heights
• What is the purpose of the column in fractional distillation?

  To allow separation based on boiling points
• What is collected at the top of the column in fractional distillation?

  The vapor of the liquid with the lowest boiling point
• What is the final product of fractional distillation?

  Separated liquids based on boiling points
• What are the applications of distillation?

  • Purification of liquids
  • Separation of liquid mixtures
  • Production of distilled beverages
  • Refining crude oil
• What is the main limitation of simple distillation?

  Cannot separate liquids with similar boiling points
• What is the outcome of using fractional distillation on a mixture?

  Different liquids are separated effectively
• How does fractional distillation improve upon simple distillation?

  It separates liquids with closer boiling points
• If you have a mixture of liquids with different boiling points, which method would you use?

  Fractional distillation
• What are the key differences between simple and fractional distillation?

  • Simple distillation: Used for large differences in boiling points
  • Fractional distillation: Used for smaller differences in boiling points
  • Fractional involves a column for better separation
• What is the purpose of the flask in distillation?

  To hold the mixture being distilled
• What happens to the different liquids during distillation?

  They evaporate and condense at different times
• Why is it important to know the boiling points of liquids in distillation?

  To effectively separate them during the process
• If you need to separate a liquid from a solution, which distillation method would you choose?

  Simple distillation
• What are the steps involved in simple distillation?

  1. Heat the solution in a flask
  2. Vapor rises and enters the condenser
  3. Vapor cools and condenses into liquid
  4. Collect the distilled liquid
  5. Leave the residue in the flask
• What are the steps involved in fractional distillation?

  1. Heat the mixture in a flask
  2. Vapors rise through a fractionating column
  3. Different components condense at different heights
  4. Collect the separated liquids
• What is the purpose of fractional distillation in the context of crude oil?

  To separate components of crude oil
• What is the first step in the fractional distillation process?

  Put the mixture in a flask and heat it
• Why do different liquids in fractional distillation have different boiling points?

  They have different molecular structures
• What happens to the liquid with the lowest boiling point during fractional distillation?

  It evaporates first and rises
• How does the temperature on the thermometer relate to the boiling point of the liquid being collected?

  It matches the boiling point of that liquid
• What occurs when the temperature on the thermometer matches the boiling point of a liquid?

  The liquid reaches the top of the column
• What happens to liquids with higher boiling points during the process?

  They evaporate later than lower boiling liquids
• Why do liquids with higher boiling points only partially rise in the column?

  The column is cooler towards the top
• What should you do when the first liquid has been collected?

  Raise the temperature until the next liquid boils
• What is the boiling point of propan-1-ol?

  97 °C
• What is the boiling point of methanol?

  65 °C