Mixtures and Chromatography

• What is the topic of the study material?

  Atomic structure and the periodic table
• How are mixtures in chemistry similar to mixtures in baking?

  • Both consist of separate components mixed together
  • Mixtures can be separated easily
  • No chemical bonds between components
• When do mixtures become less delicious according to the material?

  When they are considered less delicately mixed
• What should you not do with mixtures?

  Eat them
• How are mixtures easily separated?

  • Mixtures can be separated by physical methods
  • Methods include filtration, crystallization, and distillation
  • No chemical bonds between components
• What is the difference between mixtures and compounds?

  Mixtures have no chemical bonds between parts
• What can the parts of a mixture be?

  Elements or compounds
• What are the physical methods to separate mixtures?

  1. Filtration
  2. Crystallization
  3. Distillation
  4. Chromatography
• What is air classified as?

  A mixture of gases
• What gases primarily make up air?

  Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, argon
• How can gases in air be separated?

  They can be separated easily
• What is crude oil classified as?

  A mixture of different length hydrocarbons
• How do the properties of a mixture relate to its components?

  • Properties are a mix of the separate parts
  • Chemical properties of substances are not affected
  • Mixture retains individual properties of components
• What happens when you mix iron powder and sulfur powder?

  It shows properties of both iron and sulfur
• What is the method for separating substances in a mixture using chromatography?

  • Draw a line on filter paper
  • Add spots of the mixture
  • Place in solvent to separate components
• What is the first step in doing paper chromatography?

  Draw a line near the bottom of the sheet
• How do you add a spot of ink to the chromatography paper?

  Place it on the line drawn
• What is the purpose of placing the chromatography paper in a solvent?

  To separate the different dyes in the ink
• What are the steps to perform chromatography?

  1. Draw a line on filter paper
  2. Add spots of the mixture
  3. Place in solvent
  4. Observe separation of components
• What should you draw on the filter paper?

  A line near the bottom
• Why should you use a pencil to draw the line on the filter paper?

  Pencil marks are insoluble and won't dissolve
• What should you add to the line on the filter paper?

  A spot of the ink to be tested
• What does the solvent depend on in chromatography?

  It depends on what is being tested
• Which solvent is commonly used in chromatography?

  Water
• What should you ensure about the ink when using chromatography?

  The ink shouldn't touch the solvent
• What should you place on top of the container in chromatography?

  A lid to stop evaporation
• What do the solvents do in chromatography?

  They carry the ink up the paper
• How do different dyes behave in chromatography?

  They move up the paper at different rates
• What is the result of chromatography called?

  A chromatogram
• Why is chromatography useful in real life?

  It helps separate mixtures for analysis
• What can chromatography be used to test in sports?

  Athletes' urine samples for performance-enhancing drugs
• What happens if any dyes in the ink are insoluble?

  They will remain on the baseline
• What should you do when the solvent reaches the top of the paper?

  Remove the paper from the beaker
• What is the final result of the chromatography process?

  A pattern of spots called a chromatogram
• What are the steps involved in performing chromatography?

  1. Draw a line near the bottom of filter paper
  2. Add a spot of ink on the line
  3. Place the paper in a solvent
  4. Ensure the ink doesn't touch the solvent
  5. Cover the container to prevent evaporation
  6. Observe the movement of the ink
  7. Remove the paper when solvent reaches the top
  8. Analyze the resulting chromatogram
• What are the applications of chromatography in real life?

  • Testing athletes' urine for drugs
  • Analyzing food and beverage quality
  • Separating compounds in chemical research
  • Identifying substances in forensic science