Lesson 2: Introduction

• What is the meaning of history according to AHA (2023)?


  Succession of facts marching to a settled outcome
• How does the University of the Philippines define history?

  As a study of the past that can tell us where we are heading
• What does Renato Constantino (1975) say about human beings in history?

  They are the motivators of change and history
• According to John J. Anderson, what does history narrate?

  Events that affected the political and social condition of the human race
• What did Aristotle say about the past?

  It is unchanging
• What is the purpose of studying history according to Teodore A. Agoncillo?

  To avoid mistakes of the past and not recreate the same events
• What are the key characteristics of history?

  • A narrative
  • Narration of events
  • With value and significance
  • Series and strings of events
  • Defines a group or society’s failures and achievements
• What did Jose Rizal say about history?

  "To foretell the past, to know people of the past."
• What is the implication of the statement "People who don’t know history are doomed to repeat the same mistake"?

  It emphasizes the importance of learning from past mistakes
• Which city was the second most bombarded during World War II?

  Manila
• What was the first most bombarded city during World War II?

  Warsaw, Poland
• What does the Greek word "histor" mean?

  "Learned, wise man"
• What does the Greek to Latin term "historia" refer to?

  "Inquiry, narrative, account"
• What does the Old English term "istoria" mean?

  "Learned, wise man"
• What do the French terms "histoire" and "historie" refer to?

  They relate to the study of history
• What are the elements of history?

  1. Historian

  • Author and witness of events
  • Analyzes sources

  1. Place

  • Venue or location of historical events

  1. Period

  • Context of the time when history was written

  1. Sources

  • Objects or testimonies from the past
• Who are some examples of historians mentioned?

  Renato Constantino, Teodore Agoncillo, Ambeth Ocampo
• What is the significance of the place in historical study?

  It is the venue or location where history was written
• What is an example of a historical event that took place in Binakayan?

  Battle of Binakayan on November 10, 1896
• Who played a crucial role in the Battle of Binakayan?

  Emilio Aguinaldo
• What significant action did General Douglas MacArthur take on October 20, 1944?

  He waded in the waters of Palo, Leyte
• What did General Douglas MacArthur promise upon returning to Leyte?

  To return to Leyte
• What is the Kempeitai?

  Military police force of the Imperial Japanese Army
• What does the term "period" refer to in the context of history?


  The context of the time when the history was written
• What are sources in historical study?

  Objects that have been left in the past, either as relics or testimonies
• What are examples of relics in history?

  Manunggul jar and hanging coffin
• What are the types of sources in historical study?

  Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources
• What is the significance of silent sources in history?

  They are subject to scientific and multi-disciplinary evaluation
• What is colonial scholarship?

  Sources written during early colonization up to the Third Philippine Republic
• What does the term "pantayong pananaw" refer to?

  Historians re-framing past narratives into proper context
• What are the points to note in Philippine history?

  1. History is a narrative written by the victors
  2. History is a collective memory of the people
  3. Importance of re-evaluating colonial sources
  4. Understanding the socio-economic and geo-political landscape
• What does the final note about the meaning of history imply?

  There is no single understanding or truth in history; it is subject to change
• What is historiography?

  • A close study of history
  • How history evolves
  • Concerns methods and approaches of historians
  • A body of historical work
• What is the clerical point of view in Philippine historiography?

  Represented by Gregorio F. Zaide, Fr. Horacio dela Costa, and Fr. Jose Arcilla
• What does nationalist historiography state?

  Philippine history started in 1872 according to Teodore A. Agoncillo
• What does Samuel K. Tan say about history?

  History is a collective work of the people
• What does Reynaldo C. Ileto's "Pasyon at Rebolusyon" signify?

  It emphasizes history from below
• What does Renato Constantino mean by "the masses as real movers of history"?

  It highlights the role of ordinary people in shaping history
• What does Zeus Salazar advocate in terms of language in history education?

  Filipino and vernaculars as the language of instruction in teaching history
• Why is it important to study history according to Edward Benrick D. Salonga?

  History is a prerequisite to nationalism