Lesson 2

• What is the definition of history according to AHA (2023)?


  History is a succession of facts marching to a settled outcome.
• How does UoP (2023) define history?


  History is the study of the past and a collective memory that tells us who we are and where we are heading.
• What does R. Constantino (1975) say about the struggle recorded in history?


  It is a recorded struggle of people for ever-increasing freedom and higher realizations of the human person.
• According to John J. Anderson (1876), what does history narrate?


  History narrates events that have affected the political and social condition of the human race.
• How does Aristotle define history?


  History is a record of the unchanging past.
• What is the purpose of studying history according to Teodoro A. Agoncillo?

  To avoid mistakes of the past, not to recreate the same events.
• What are the key elements of history?


  • Historian: The author documenting events.
  • Place: The location where history was written.
  • Period: The context of the time when history was written.
  • Sources: Objects or testimonies from the past.
• What does the term "HISTŌR" mean in Greek?

  HISTŌR means learned or wise man.
• What is the Latin translation of "HISTORIA"?

  HISTORIA translates to inquiry, narrative, or account.
• How is history defined in terms of time and events?

  History is a story of time divided into smaller periods and events in the lives of the people that brought change or continuity in the society.
• What are the different periods of history mentioned?

  • Prehistory
  • Colonization
  • Post-war era
• What are the types of historical sources?


  Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources.
• What does "colonial scholarship" refer to?

  Sources written during early colonization up to the Third Philippine Republic, often from the perspective of outsiders.
• What is the goal of historians regarding past narratives?

  To re-frame past narratives into their proper context and eliminate biases.
• What does Dr. Zeus Salazar's "pantayong pananaw" emphasize?

  It emphasizes the collective memory of the people that needs to be incorporated into the mainstream narrative.
• Why is there no single understanding of history?

  Different historians often reach different conclusions about the same period, event, or issue.
• What is historiography?

  Historiography is the close study of history and how it evolves over time.
• What are the different types of historiography mentioned?

  • Clerical point of view
  • Nationalist historiography
  • History from below
  • Pantayong pananaw
• Who stated that Philippine history started in 1872?

  Teodoro A. Agoncillo.
• What is the relevance of studying history according to Edward Benrick D. Salonga?

  History is a prerequisite to nationalism.
• What are the benefits of studying history?

  • Develops understanding of self and the world
  • Shapes thinking and identity
  • Inspires greatness
  • Helps comprehend present-day issues
  • Builds better citizenship
  • Aids in career growth
• What are the key historical concepts and skills?

  • Continuity and change
  • Cause and effect
  • Perspectives
  • Emphatic understanding
  • Significance
  • Contestability
  • Comprehension
  • Analysis and use of source
  • Research
  • Evidence
  • Explanation and communication
• What is the most important concept in history?

  Change, which requires exploration, explanation, and evaluation.
• What does continuity in society refer to?

  • Aspects of life or society that remain the same over time.
  • Evaluated through concepts like progress and decline.
• What does the cause and effect concept examine?

  It examines the relationship between historical events where one event occurs as a result of another.
• How do perspectives influence historical interpretation?

  Age, gender, social position, and beliefs influence how events are understood and interpreted.
• What is emphatic understanding in history?

  It is understanding the past from the point of view of the actors involved in the events.
• What does significance refer to in historical events?


  It refers to the importance assigned to events, developments, or individuals in history.
• What is contestability in history?

  It occurs when interpretations of events are open to debate due to lack of evidence or differing perspectives.
• What are the types of sources used in historical analysis?

  • Written materials: letters, memoirs, diaries, manuscripts.
  • Non-written materials: coins, relics, photographs, archaeological sites.
• What is evidence in historical research?

  Evidence is information obtained from sources that supports or disproves a historical claim.
• What is historical comprehension?


  It involves understanding the historical context and identifying central questions in historical writing.
• What are the key points to remember in historical analysis?


  • The actors involved in the action.
  • The event that happened.
  • The place where it happened.
  • The contributing circumstances.
  • The consequences or outcomes.
• What skills are important in historical research?

  Formulation of historical questions, obtaining and analyzing data, and contextualizing the data.
• How can history be better explained and communicated?

  • Through chronological thinking skills.
  • Historical analysis and interpretation skills.
  • Understanding historical issues.
• What is essential for understanding the historical context of events?

  Understanding the historical context within which the event or events happened
• What ability is crucial for analyzing historical writing?

  The ability to identify central questions and conclusions about purpose, perspective, or point of view
• What does historical research involve?


  It involves the use of data presented in many different forms
• What are the key points to remember in historical analysis?


  • The actors (those involved in the action)
  • The event (what happened)
  • The place or venue of the event (where it happened)
  • The contributing circumstances (events that led to the action)
  • The consequences or outcomes (what followed after the event)
• How does writing history contribute to understanding its meaning?

  It helps a person deeply understand its meaning through analysis