combined techniques

• 1. elemental analysis
  2. mass spectra
  3. infra red spectra
  4. NMR spectra
• elemental analysis:

  • use of percentage composition by mass to determine the empirical formula of a compound
• Mass spectra:

  • use of the molecular ion peak to determine the molecular mass and fragment ions to determine parts of the molecule
  • the molecular formula can then be determined from the empirical formula and the molecular mass
• infrared spectra:

  use of absorption peaks to identify bonds present and functional groups
• NMR spectra:

  • to determine the number and types of carbon and hydrogen atoms from the chemical shifts of peaks and the order of atoms within molecules from splitting patterns