BICHEM

• How to Draw a Dipeptide from Two Amino Acids


  1. Step [2]

  2. Final Answer
• Dipeptide


  • Val-Gly
• Biochemistry


  A description of life at the molecular level that includes a description of all the complex interrelated chemical changes within the cell called metabolism
• The processes of growth, reproduction, and heredity


  Are intimately related to intermediary metabolism
• Biochemistry


  Also called biological chemistry, the study of the components and composition of living things and how they come together to become life
• Biochemistry


  The study of chemical processes that give rise to the complexity of life
• Biochemistry


  Related to molecular biology that concerns genetic information encoded in DNA as well as understanding the structures, functions, and interactions of biological macromolecules
• Biological macromolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids

  
• Biochemistry


  • Focuses on processes happening at a molecular level to understand how the structure of a molecule relates to its function and to predict how molecules will interact
  • Focuses on what is happening inside the cells, studying components like proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and organelles
  • Looks at how cells communicate with each other especially during growth or fighting illness
• Fields of science related to biochemistry

  • Physiology
  • Pathology
  • Genetics
  • Botany
  • Zoology
  • Nutrition
  • Agriculture
  • Environmental science
• Fields that investigate the mechanism of drug action, engage in viral research, conduct research pertaining to organ function, and use chemical concepts, procedures, and techniques to study the diagnosis and therapy of disease and the assessment of health

  • Pharmacology
  • Physiology
  • Microbiology
  • Clinical chemistry
• Areas where biochemistry is applied in food science and nutrition

  • Developing abundant and inexpensive sources of nutritious foods
  • Determining the chemical composition of foods
  • Developing methods to extract nutrients from waste products
  • Inventing ways to prolong the shelf life of food products
• Areas where biochemistry is applied in agriculture

  • Studying the interaction of herbicides with plants
  • Examining the structure-activity relationships of compounds
  • Determining their ability to inhibit growth
  • Evaluating the toxicological effects on surrounding life
• Biochemistry has many applications that can help the human race and that is the reason why it is important to understand how biological organisms function at the chemical level
• Significant contributors to biochemistry

  • WATSON & CRICK- DNA
  • R. FRANKLIN-- HELICAL CONFORMATION OF DNA
  • L. PAULING- DISCOVERED THE CAUSE OF SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
  • WOEHLER- DISPROVED VITAL FORCE THEORY
  • PASTEUR- PASTEURIZATION
  • BUCHNER- FERMENTATION OF SUGAR
  • C. NEUBERG- FATHER OF BIOCHEMISTRY
  • H. KREBS- KREBS CYCLE
• Water is the most abundant molecule in cells, accounting for 70% or more of total cell mass
• Water


  A polar molecule with the hydrogen atoms having a slight positive charge and the oxygen with a slight negative charge
• Water


  • The polarity enables water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other or with other polar molecules, as well as interacting with positively or negatively charged ions
  • Ions and polar molecules are readily soluble in water (hydrophilic)
  • Nonpolar molecules, which cannot interact with water, are poorly soluble in an aqueous environment (hydrophobic)
  • Nonpolar molecules tend to minimize their contact with water by associating closely with each other instead
  • Interactions of polar and nonpolar molecules with water and with each other play crucial roles in the formation of biological structures, such as cell membranes
• Roles of water in living organisms

  • Solvent
  • Temperature buffer
  • Metabolite
  • Living environment
• Properties of water


  • Universal solvent
  • Cohesion
  • Adhesion
  • High surface tension
  • Density dependent on temperature
  • High specific heat
• Boiling point of water is 100 degrees Celsius
• Melting point of water is 0 degrees Celsius
• Specific gravity of water is 1 (numerically equal to the density of water)
• Density of water is 1.0 gram/ml or 1.0 gram/cc
• Carbohydrates


  Naturally occurring substances called sugars and starches, and they are polyhydroxy of aldehydes and ketones

  
• Classification of carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides
  • Oligosaccharides
  • Polysaccharides

  
• Carbohydrates are synthesized in green plants through photosynthesis, whereby energy from the sun is stored as chemical energy in carbohydrates

  
• In the body, carbohydrates are used for bursts of energy needed during exercise in the form of glucose
• Monosaccharides


  The simplest carbohydrates, generally have 3 to 6 C atoms in a chain with an aldehyde or ketone ending and many –OH groups

  
• Aldose


  Aldehyde monosaccharides
• Ketose


  Ketone monosaccharides
• Glyceraldehyde


  The simplest aldose
• Dihydroxyacetone


  The simplest ketose
• Monosaccharides classified by number of C atoms


  • Triose (3 C's)
  • Tetrose (4 C's)
  • Pentose (5 C's)
  • Hexose (6 C's)

  
• Monosaccharides


  • Sweet tasting, but their relative sweetness varies greatly
  • Polar compounds with high melting points
  • The presence of so many polar functional groups capable of hydrogen bonding makes the monosaccharides very water soluble
• Glucose (dextrose)


  Blood sugar and the most abundant monosaccharide
• Excess glucose is stored in the form of polysaccharide glycogen
• Normal blood glucose levels are 70-110 mg/dL
• Insulin


  A peptide hormone that increases the uptake of excess glucose in blood and converts it to glycogen
• Patients with diabetes produce insufficient insulin to adequately regulate blood sugar levels, so they must monitor their diet and/or inject insulin daily