Memory

• How long can the LTM last up until?

  Up to a lifetime
• How many chunks of information can the STM hold according to Miller?

  7+/-2
• what did Bahrick find regarding remembering the names of former classmates

  participants could remember former classmates names with 90% accuracy within 15 years of graduation
• what did peterson and Peterson conclude on the duration of STM

  it is less than 18 seconds
• How many chunks of information did Cowan find that the STM could hold

  4 chunks
• what are testing ethics used in STM research often critiqued of?

  lacking ecological validity
• who discovered that memory improves with age?

  Jacob’s
• which researcher found that LTM might involve visual coding ?

  Frost
• which coding type are used in STM according to baddelay

  acoustic
• which researcher found evidence for acoustic coding in the LTM

  Buddeley
• which type of coding is primarily associate with the LTM according to Buddeley

  Semantic
• what aspect if memory does coding refer to?

  the way information is changed so that it can be stored
• what are visual codes?

  information stored as images
• what are acoustic codes?

  information stored as sounds
• what are semantic codes?

  information stored by the meaning of experiences
• what is capacity in memory

  a measure of how much can be held in memory
• what is duration referring to memory

  how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available
• What is LTM usually coded in?

  Semantically
• what is STM usually coded in?

  acoustically
• what is the multi store model?

  an explanation of memory based on three separate stores and the process that transfers information between these stores
• What is the sensory register?

  Information collected by eyes, ears nose etc, the capacity is large however the duration can be only half a second
• who proposed the idea of the multi store model?

  Atkinson and Shiffrin
• what is maintenance rehearsal?

  repeating information help in STM will create a LTM
• describe the memory retrieval process

  To retrieve a LTM the memory must be passed back through the STM and made available
• what happens when you forget a memory?

  You cannot locate it in the LTM, or the memory was never made permanent in the first place
• Who argued that in order to process a memory into LTM it must have meaning attached to it?

  Craik and Lockhart argued that deeper processing was required to make a memory permanent
• What is the central executive?

  Monitors and coordinates all mental functions in working memory
• what is the episodic buffer?

  it receives input from many different sources, temporarily storing the information, sends information to the LTM
• who proposed the working memory model?

  Baddeley and Hitch
• how does the central executive work in the working memory model?

  It determines which tasks are allocated to which slave system
• describe the phonological loop

  this slave system deals with auditory information
• state and describe the sub categories of the phonological loop

  the phonological store- stores the words your hear

  articulatory process- a verbal loop enabling you to repeat words in your head (maintenance rehearsal)
• what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

  the slave system responsible for visual and spatial information (the physiCal behaviour between objects)
• what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad subdivided into?

  visual cache- storing information about visual items such as the colour

  inner scribe- deals with the relationships between objects
• What is episodic memory?

  Memory for personal events, this type of LTM includes contextual details
• What is procedural memory?

  Memory for how to do things such as riding a bike

  
  
• What is priming?

  Automatic enhanced recognition of specific stimuli