Unit 8

• Having a disorder means? Becoming disorder interferes with daily life, schedule, and quality of life
• DSM-5 disorder categories


  • Degressive
  • Bipolar
  • Anxiety
  • OCD
  • Trauma & stress related
  • Dissociative
  • Somatic
• History of disorders


  • Supernatural - caused by supernatural phenomena (e.g. trepanation drilling holes in brain)
  • Somatogenic - physiological cause (e.g. humorism, balancing fluids)
  • Psychogenic - psychological cause
• Confidentiality laws protect clients unless they are a danger to themselves or others
• Rosenhan study: Sent mentally healthy people to a mental hospital, 37 out of 40 were diagnosed with schizophrenia, showing difficulty in distinguishing disorder from healthy symptoms
• Labels can be empowering and lead to treatment, but are often self-fulfilling prophecies
• Neurodevelopmental disorders


  Autism spectrum disorder - atypical behaviors, speech, interest, thought pattern, interpersonal interactions

  ADHD - extreme inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity
• Acute schizophrenia


  Developed rapidly after a period of stress, positive symptoms like delusions & hallucinations
• Chronic schizophrenia


  Develops over time, negative symptoms like inability to feel emotions, flat speech
• Catatonia


  Motionless for hours, flat affect - emotionless state
• Schizophrenia in the brain

  • Low frontal lobe activity, increased amygdala & thalamus activity, enlarged ventricles
• Major depressive disorder


  Lasts months/years, depressed mood & loss of interest for sustained time
• Dysthymic disorder


  Mild depression that lasts at least years, loss of appetite, insomnia, low energy, hopelessness
• Panic disorder


  Unpredictable panic attacks with physical symptoms & terror
• OCD


  Repetitive thoughts & behaviors that cause anxiety & disruptions in everyday life
• Generalized anxiety disorder


  Arousal of autonomic nervous system
• Social anxiety disorder


  Anxiety caused by social interactions
• Agoraphobia


  Avoiding areas where may not be able to get help from a panic attack
• Stimulus generalization & reinforcement develop and make it hard to overcome fears
• Somatic symptom disorder


  Fixed on physical symptoms where emotional health is affected
• Conversion disorder


  Person experiences physical symptoms for no reason
• Illness anxiety disorder


  Hypochondriasis
• Dissociative amnesia


  Memories erased after traumatic event
• Dissociative identity disorder (DID)


  Alternate personalities used to cope with stress
• Anorexia nervosa


  Body image issues, restriction of food, maintain starvation diet
• Bulimia nervosa


  Binging & purging, fluctuating weight
• Personality disorder clusters


  • Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal

  Cluster B: Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic, Antisocial

  Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive
• Behavioral therapy uses counterconditioning (exposure therapy & systematic desensitization)
• Behavior modification uses token economy
• Cognitive psychology uses rational-emotive behavioral therapy to challenge irrational beliefs
• Carl Rogers introduced client-centered talk therapy