Fractional Distillation

• What is the process described in the study material?

  Fractional distillation
• What is crude oil primarily formed from?

  Remains of plants and animals
• How long does it take for crude oil to form?

  Over a long period of time
• What conditions contribute to the formation of crude oil?

  High temperature and pressure
• How is crude oil extracted from rocks?

  It can be drilled up from the rocks
• What are fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas classified as?

  Non-renewable fuels
• Why are fossil fuels considered non-renewable?

  They take a long time to form
• What happens to fossil fuels when they are used faster than they are formed?

  They will eventually run out
• What is the purpose of fractional distillation in crude oil processing?

  • To separate different hydrocarbons
  • Based on boiling points
  • Produces various fuels and products
• How do different hydrocarbons behave during fractional distillation?

  Longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points
• What happens to longer hydrocarbons during the distillation process?

  They condense back into liquids
• What happens to shorter hydrocarbons during the distillation process?

  They drain out much later
• What is the first step in the fractional distillation process?

  The oil is heated until it turns into gas
• What is the role of the temperature gradient in the distillation column?

  It allows separation based on boiling points
• How do boiling points affect the separation of hydrocarbons in the column?

  Higher boiling points condense lower in the column
• What happens to the gases as they rise in the distillation column?

  They cool and condense at different heights
• What is the final outcome of the fractional distillation process?

  Different fractions of hydrocarbons are collected
• What are the key steps in the fractional distillation process?

  1. Heat the crude oil until it vaporizes
  2. Gases enter the distillation column
  3. Temperature gradient allows separation
  4. Collect different fractions based on boiling points
• What happens to the condensate in a distillation column?

  It condenses back into liquids
• Why do shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points?

  They have weaker intermolecular forces
• Where do shorter hydrocarbons condense in a distillation column?

  Near the top of the column
• How do different fractions in crude oil relate to carbon atoms?

  Each fraction contains similar numbers of carbon atoms
• What is the approximate number of carbons in the hydrocarbons of crude oil?

  8 to 15 carbons
• What is the boiling point of diesel fuel compared to crude oil?

  Diesel has a higher boiling point
• What is the boiling point of kerosene compared to gasoline?

  Kerosene has a higher boiling point
• What is the boiling point of bitumen?

  Very high boiling point
• What is the significance of the temperature gradient in a fractionating column?

  It allows separation of different hydrocarbons
• How does the boiling point of a substance affect its position in a fractionating column?

  Lower boiling points rise higher in the column
• What is the main purpose of fractional distillation?

  To separate mixtures into fractions
• What is the relationship between boiling points and the structure of hydrocarbons?

  Longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points
• How does the process of fractional distillation work?

  By heating and cooling to separate components
• What are the different types of fuels derived from crude oil and their characteristics?

  • Crude Oil: Raw material for refining
  • Gasoline: Low boiling point, used in cars
  • Kerosene: Higher boiling point, used in jets
  • Diesel: Higher boiling point, used in trucks
  • Bitumen: Very high boiling point, used in roads
• What is the boiling point of heavy fuel oil?

  Higher than diesel
• Why is it important to understand the boiling points of different hydrocarbons?

  It helps in selecting appropriate fuels
• How can you determine the boiling point of a hydrocarbon?

  By using a distillation apparatus
• What is the effect of temperature on the separation of hydrocarbons in a fractionating column?

  Higher temperatures favor heavier fractions
• What is the main component of crude oil?

  Hydrocarbons
• How does the composition of crude oil vary?

  It varies based on the source of extraction
• What is the role of fractional distillation in the petroleum industry?

  To refine crude oil into usable products
• How does the boiling point of a hydrocarbon affect its use in industry?

  Higher boiling points are used for heavier fuels