module 6 definitions

• Halogen carrier


  Iron, iron halides and aluminium halides
• Nitrile


  An organic compound which contains a -C≡N group bound to an alkyl chain
• Nucleophile


  An electron pair donor
• Nucleophilic Addition


  1. An electrophilic π bond reacts with a nucleophile, breaking the π bond and forming 2 new σ bonds

  2. Example: Reaction of carbonyl compounds with HCN to form hydroxynitriles
• Nucleophilic Substitution


  1. An electron pair donor attacks an electrophilic atom (an atom with a partial or full positive charge) to replace an atom/ group of atoms

  2. Example: Reaction of haloalkanes with CN- and ethanol to form nitriles
• Reduction


  Gain of electrons/ decrease in oxidation number
• Reduction of nitriles


  • Nitriles can be reduced to amines with H2/Ni
• Distillation


  A technique in which a liquid is heated then the vapour is cooled and collected in a separate flask to the reaction mixture
• Filtration Under Reduced Pressure


  A technique used to separate and dry an organic solid
• Functional Group


  A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
• Melting Point Apparatus


  A piece of apparatus used to determine the melting point of a sample
• Quickfit Apparatus


  Glassware that easily fits together in a variety of arrangements
• Recrystallisation


  A technique used to purify an organic solid
• Reflux


  The continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture
• Synthetic Route


  A series of steps that are followed to make a specific compound
• Aldehyde


  An organic compound containing the C=O functional group at the end of an alkyl chain
• Tests for aldehydes


  • Form a silver mirror with Tollens' reagent
  • Can be oxidised to carboxylic acids with acidified potassium dichromate, causing a colour change from orange to green
• Alkene


  An organic compound containing the C=C functional group
• Test for alkenes


  • Decolourise bromine water
• Carbonyl


  An organic compound containing the C=O functional group
• Test for carbonyl compounds

  • React with 2,4-DNP to form an orange precipitate
• Carboxylic Acid


  An organic compound containing the -COOH functional group
• Test for carboxylic acids


  • React with CO3^2-, causing effervescence
• Chromatography


  A technique used to separate and identify components in a mixture
• Gas Chromatography


  A type of chromatography in which a column is packed with a solid (or a solid coated in a liquid) and a gas is passed through the column under pressure at high temperature
• Haloalkane


  An organic compound containing a halogen atom attached to an alkyl chain
• Test for haloalkanes


  • Reaction with aqueous silver nitrate in ethanol
  • Chloroalkanes form a white precipitate
  • Bromoalkanes form a cream precipitate
  • Iodoalkanes form a yellow precipitate
• Mobile Phase


  A substance that moves through the chromatography system to separate the mixture
• Phenol


  An organic compound containing an aromatic ring with an -OH group attached
• Primary Alcohol


  An organic compound with the general formula RCH2OH
• Test for primary alcohols

  • Can be oxidised with acidified dichromate, causing a colour change from orange to green
• Qualitative Analysis


  Techniques that are used to identify whether or not an element, functional group or ion is present in a sample
• Retention Time


  The time taken for a sample to travel from the inlet to the detector in GC
• Rf value


  In TLC, the Rf values can be calculated as distance moved by substance ÷ distance moved by solvent
• Secondary Alcohol


  An organic compound with the general formula R2CHOH
• Test for secondary alcohols

  • Can be oxidised with acidified dichromate, causing a colour change from orange to green
• Stationary Phase


  A substance through which the mobile phase moves in chromatography
• Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

  A type of chromatography in which a plate is coated with a solid and a solvent moves up the plate
• Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy


  A type of NMR spectroscopy which analyses 13C nuclei
• Chemical Shift


  The shift of a carbon or proton environment relative to standard (TMS)