Digestive system

• What are the two groups of organs in the digestive system?

  GI tract and accessory digestive organs
• What organs make up the GI tract?

  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
• What are the accessory digestive organs?

  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
• What are the six functions of the digestive system?

  1. Ingestion
  2. Secretion
  3. Mixing and propulsion
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
• What is the first function of the digestive system?

  Ingestion
• What is the role of secretion in the digestive system?

  To release water, acid, buffers, and enzymes
• What is mechanical digestion?

  Churning food in the digestive system
• What is chemical digestion?

  Hydrolysis of food substances
• What is the process of absorption in the digestive system?

  Passing nutrients into blood or lymph
• What is defecation?

  Elimination of feces
• What are the layers of the GI tract?

  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
• What is the function of the mucosa layer in the GI tract?

  Protection, secretion, and absorption
• What is the role of muscularis mucosae?

  To increase surface area with folds
• What does the submucosa contain?

  Blood and lymphatic vessels
• What is the muscularis layer composed of?

  Voluntary and involuntary muscle types
• What is the serosa layer also known as?

  Visceral peritoneum
• What is unique about the esophagus regarding the serosa?

  It has adventitia instead of serosa
• What is the largest serous membrane of the body?

  Peritoneum
• What are the two types of peritoneum?

  Parietal and visceral peritoneum
• What is the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum called?

  Peritoneal cavity
• What are the five major peritoneal folds?

  • Greater omentum
  • Falciform ligament
  • Lesser omentum
  • Mesentery
  • Mesocolon
• What is the function of peritoneal folds?

  To bind organs together
• What is the oral cavity also known as?

  Buccal cavity
• What is the primary function of salivary glands?

  To release saliva for moisture and cleaning
• How many pairs of major salivary glands are there?

  Three pairs
• What are the three pairs of major salivary glands?

  • Parotid
  • Submandibular
  • Sublingual
• What is the composition of saliva?

  99.5% water and 0.5% solutes
• What is the principal bile pigment?

  Bilirubin
• What is the role of salivary amylase?

  To act on starches
• How is salivation controlled?

  By the autonomic nervous system
• What stimulates salivation?

  Parasympathetic stimulation
• What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on salivation?

  It decreases salivation
• What is mechanical digestion in the mouth called?

  Mastication
• What is a bolus?

  Food mixed with saliva
• What activates lingual lipase?

  Acidic environment of the stomach
• What are the three regions of the pharynx?

  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
• What is the function of the nasopharynx?

  Only functions in respiration
• What are the functions of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

  Both have digestive and respiratory functions
• What does the esophagus secrete?

  Mucous
• What is the primary function of the esophagus?

  To transport food