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A-level Chemistry
Organic
Alcohols
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Cards (46)
What is the general formula for alcohols?
C
n
H
2
n
+
2
O
C_{n}H_{2n + 2}O
C
n
H
2
n
+
2
O
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The functional group of alcohols is
R-OH
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Alcohols can only be classified as primary, secondary, or
tertiary
based on their structure.
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Match the classification of alcohols with their corresponding structure:
Primary alcohol ↔️
R
−
C
H
2
−
O
H
R - CH_{2} - OH
R
−
C
H
2
−
O
H
Secondary alcohol ↔️
R
−
C
H
(
R
′
)
−
O
H
R - CH(R') - OH
R
−
C
H
(
R
′
)
−
O
H
Tertiary alcohol ↔️
R
−
C
(
R
′
)
(
R
′
′
)
−
O
H
R - C(R')(R'') - OH
R
−
C
(
R
′
)
(
R
′′
)
−
O
H
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What is the IUPAC name for CH3CH2OH?
Ethanol
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The IUPAC name for a secondary alcohol with three carbon atoms is
propan-2-ol
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What are structural isomers?
Same formula, different structure
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Ethers are functional group
isomers
of alcohols.
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Give an example of a functional group isomer of C4H10O.
1-methoxypropane
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Alcohols have relatively high melting points and boiling points due to the presence of
hydrogen
bonds.
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Arrange the intermolecular forces in order of increasing strength:
1️⃣ Van der Waals
2️⃣ Permanent dipole-dipole
3️⃣ Hydrogen bonds
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Why does butan-1-ol have a higher boiling point than propan-1-ol?
Longer carbon chain
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Alcohols with a low
Mr
are soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding.
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What is the reagent used in the hydration of alkenes to produce alcohols?
Steam
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The hydration of alkenes requires a
phosphoric acid
catalyst.
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Match the alkene with the alcohol produced by hydration:
Ethene ↔️ Ethanol
Propene ↔️ Propan-2-ol
Cyclohexene ↔️ Cyclohexanol
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What does a curly arrow in a reaction mechanism show?
Movement of electron pair
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What are the three important reactions of alcohols?
Combustion, elimination, oxidation
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Alcohols burn in oxygen to form
carbon dioxide
and water.
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Why do alcohols combust more efficiently than alkanes?
Presence of an O atom
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When balancing combustion equations for alcohols, do not forget to include the
O
in the molecule.
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Match the alcohol with its balanced combustion equation:
Ethanol ↔️ C₂H₂OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O
Cyclohexanol ↔️ C₆H₁₂O + 8½O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
Propane-1,3-diol ↔️ CH₂OHCH₂CH₂OH + 4O₂ → 3CO₂ + 4H₂O
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Elimination reactions of alcohols form
alkenes
.
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What is the key definition of elimination reactions?
Removal of atoms or groups
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The elimination reactions of alcohols involve dehydration as water is
eliminated
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What reagent is used in the elimination reactions of alcohols?
H₂SO₄
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In the elimination reaction of alcohols, the
OH group
is always removed.
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Outline the mechanism for the elimination reaction of ethanol:
1️⃣ Protonation of the OH group to form OH₂⁺
2️⃣ Loss of water to form a carbocation
3️⃣ Removal of a proton to form ethene
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What are but-1-ene and but-2-ene examples of?
Structural isomers
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Where are alkenes generally obtained from at present?
Crude oil
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In the future, it may become more economical to make ethene from ethanol produced by
fermentation
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Match the current source of ethene with its end product:
Crude oil ↔️ Poly(ethene)
Ethanol ↔️ Ethene
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Alcohols can be oxidised by acidified
potassium dichromate(VI)
.
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When acidified potassium dichromate(VI) acts as an oxidising agent, its colour changes from orange to
green
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What is the half equation for the reduction of dichromate(VI) ions?
Cr₂O₇²⁻ + 14H⁺ + 6e⁻ → 2Cr³⁺ + 7H₂O
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In organic chemistry, what does oxidation involve in terms of bonds?
Increase in C-O bonds
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Match the type of alcohol with its oxidation product:
Primary ↔️ Aldehyde or carboxylic acid
Secondary ↔️ Ketone
Tertiary ↔️ No oxidation
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Acidified dichromate(VI) can distinguish between
tertiary alcohols
and other alcohols.
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A primary alcohol is oxidised first to an
aldehyde
and then to a carboxylic acid.
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What type of apparatus is essential for producing an aldehyde from a primary alcohol?
Immediate distillation
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