Acids and Bases

• What is the topic of the study material?

  Chemical Changes
• What are the two main types of substances discussed?

  Acids and Bases
• What does testing the pH of a solution involve?

  Using an indicator that changes colors
• What is the pH scale range?

  0 to 14
• What does the pH scale measure?

  How acidic or alkaline a solution is
• What happens to acidity as pH decreases?

  It becomes more acidic
• What happens to alkalinity as pH increases?

  It becomes more alkaline
• What pH value indicates a neutral substance?

  7
• How does the pH of a solution relate to its acidity or alkalinity?

  Lower pH means more acidic, higher means alkaline
• What is an acid defined as?

  A substance with pH less than 7
• What ions do acids form in water?

  H⁺ ions
• What is a base defined as?

  A substance with pH greater than 7
• What ions do bases form in water?

  OH^- ions
• What is an alkali?

  A base that dissolves in water
• What is the pH of a strong acid?

  Less than 7
• What is the pH of a strong alkali?

  Greater than 7
• What is the significance of pH in solutions?

  It indicates the acidity or alkalinity level
• How do indicators work in measuring pH?

  They change color based on pH level
• What is a universal indicator?

  An indicator that shows a range of pH colors
• What is a probe method for measuring pH?

  A method using a pH meter for accuracy
• What does a pH meter display?

  A numerical value of pH
• Why is a pH meter more accurate than an indicator?

  It provides a precise numerical value
• What are the characteristics of acids and bases?

  • Acids: pH less than 7, form H⁺ ions
  • Bases: pH greater than 7, form OH^- ions
  • Alkalis: Bases that dissolve in water
• What are the differences between strong acids and strong alkalis?

  • Strong acids: pH less than 7
  • Strong alkalis: pH greater than 7
• How do indicators and pH meters differ in measuring pH?

  • Indicators: Change color based on pH
  • pH meters: Provide precise numerical values
• What is the pH of solutions classified as acids?

  Less than 7
• What do acids form in water?

  H⁺ ions
• What is a base defined as?

  A substance with a pH greater than 7
• What do bases form in water?

  OH^- ions
• What is the reaction between acids and bases called?

  Neutralization
• What are the products of a neutralization reaction?

  Salt and water
• How can neutralization be represented in a chemical equation?

  Acid + Base → Salt + Water
• How can neutralization be seen in terms of ions?

  H⁺ + OH^- → H₂O
• What happens when an acid neutralizes a base?

  The products are neutral with a pH of 7
• What can be used to show that a neutralization reaction has occurred?

  An indicator can be used
• What do strong acids and bases produce in neutralization reactions?

  They produce neutralization reactions
• How can the concentration of an acid or alkali be calculated?

  Using titration techniques
• What is the pH of a solution that is known to be 8?

  It is alkaline
• What is the pH of your skin, which is slightly acidic?

  5.5
• What color would you expect an indicator to turn in an acidic solution?

  Red