1.8.1 Types of Studies

• What is the primary focus of epidemiology?

  Health and disease patterns
• Epidemiological studies help track the spread of influenza
• Order the key functions of epidemiology:

  1️⃣ Identifying Disease Trends

  2️⃣ Investigating Risk Factors

  3️⃣ Evaluating Intervention Effectiveness
• Epidemiology studies health and disease patterns in populations.
• Epidemiology studies the distribution and determinants
• Epidemiological studies can be categorized into observational and experimental studies.
• What do experimental studies in epidemiology involve?

  Manipulating a variable
• Observational studies involve observing populations without intervening
• Match the type of epidemiological study with its key characteristic:

  Observational ↔️ No intervention

  Experimental ↔️ Variable manipulation
• Cohort studies follow a group of individuals over time to observe disease incidence.
• In prospective cohort studies, participants are enrolled before the outcome
• What type of data do retrospective cohort studies analyze?

  Past data
• Match the cohort study approach with its advantage:

  Prospective ↔️ Reliable data

  Retrospective ↔️ Cost-effective
• What is the role of epidemiology in controlling health problems?

  Understanding and controlling
• Epidemiology helps identify disease trends
• Observational studies involve manipulating variables to observe effects.

  False
• What is one purpose of epidemiology in disease trends?

  Analyzing incidence over time
• Epidemiology helps track the spread of influenza
• Epidemiological studies are categorized into observational and experimental studies.
• What do observational studies involve?

  Observing populations without intervening
• Experimental studies involve manipulating a variable to observe its effect.
• Match the study type with its intervention:

  Observational ↔️ No intervention

  Experimental ↔️ Yes intervention
• What is an example of an observational study in epidemiology?

  Tracking lung cancer in smokers
• Cohort studies follow a group of individuals over time to observe the incidence of a specific outcome.
• What type of data is collected in prospective cohort studies?

  Data over time
• Retrospective cohort studies analyze past data to identify risk factors.
• Match the cohort study approach with its time frame:

  Prospective ↔️ Starts before outcome

  Retrospective ↔️ Uses existing data
• What is an example of a prospective cohort study?

  Determining long-term risk of lung cancer
• Case-control studies compare cases with controls to identify risk factors.
• Case-control studies are retrospective, looking back in time to assess exposure to risk factors.
• Steps involved in conducting a case-control study:

  1️⃣ Selecting cases and controls

  2️⃣ Gathering data on exposure

  3️⃣ Comparing exposure rates
• What is a major disadvantage of case-control studies?

  Prone to recall bias
• Cross-sectional studies collect data at a single point in time.
• A case-control study is more efficient and cost-effective than cohort studies.
• Steps in conducting a case-control study

  1️⃣ Selecting cases and controls

  2️⃣ Gathering data on exposure to risk factors

  3️⃣ Comparing exposure rates between cases and controls
• What is one application of case-control studies?

  Identifying causes of rare diseases
• Cross-sectional studies collect data from a population at a single point in time.
• What do cross-sectional studies measure?

  Prevalence
• Cross-sectional studies can establish causality.

  False
• Match the term with its definition:

  Distribution ↔️ Frequency of health-related states

  Determinants ↔️ Factors influencing health states