6.1.1 Functional Groups

• Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within a molecule that determine its chemical characteristics.
• What are the properties of the hydroxyl functional group (-OH)?

  Polar, forms hydrogen bonds
• The amine functional group (-NH₂) is basic and can form hydrogen bonds.
• The ketone functional group (-CO-) is polar and reactive.
• Match the functional group with its example compound:

  Hydroxyl (-OH) ↔️ Ethanol

  Amine (-NH₂) ↔️ Methylamine

  Carboxylic Acid (-COOH) ↔️ Acetic acid

  Ketone (-CO-) ↔️ Acetone
• What are the properties of the ester functional group (-COO-)?

  Sweet-smelling, used in flavorings
• The aldehyde functional group (-CHO) is highly reactive.
• The amine functional group (-NH₂) is basic and can form hydrogen bonds.
• Match the functional group with its example compound:

  Alkyl Halides (-X) ↔️ Chloroethane

  Ethers (-O-) ↔️ Diethyl Ether

  Amides (-CO-NH₂) ↔️ Acetamide

  Nitro Compounds (-NO₂) ↔️ Nitromethane
• Which functional group is sulfur-containing and reactive?

  Thiols (-SH)
• Sulfonic acids (-SO₃H) are strong acids and polar.
• In IUPAC nomenclature, the hydroxyl group is denoted with the prefix "hydroxy-" and the suffix "-ol".
• What is the IUPAC name for the ketone with the structure CH_{3}COCH_{3}</latex>?

  Acetone
• Match the functional group with its prefix, suffix, and example compound:

  Alcohol (-OH) ↔️ Hydroxy-, -ol, Ethanol

  Amine (-NH₂) ↔️ Amino-, -amine, Methylamine

  Carboxylic Acid (-COOH) ↔️ Carboxy-, -oic acid, Acetic acid

  Ketone (-CO-) ↔️ Keto-, -one, Acetone
• Aldehydes are highly reactive due to the presence of the -CHO functional group.
• Amides (-CO-NH₂) are polar and can form hydrogen bonds.
• What is an example of a compound with a sulfonic acid (-SO₃H) functional group?

  Benzenesulfonic Acid
• What functional group does an alkyl halide contain?

  $- X$
• Ethers are relatively inert and can act as solvents.
• Amides form hydrogen bonds
• Which functional group is present in nitro compounds?

  $- NO_{2}$
• Thiols contain sulfur and are reactive.
• Sulfonic acids are strong acids due to the - SO_{3}H</latex> group.
• Match the functional group with its structure:

  Ether ↔️ $- O -$

  Nitro Compound ↔️ $- NO_{2}$

  Amide ↔️ $- CO - NH_{2}$

  Sulfonic Acid ↔️ $- SO_{3}H$
• What is the purpose of the IUPAC nomenclature in organic chemistry?

  Systematic naming of compounds
• Match the functional group with its prefix and suffix in IUPAC nomenclature:

  Alcohol ↔️ Hydroxy- / -ol

  Amine ↔️ Amino- / -amine

  Ketone ↔️ Keto- / -one

  Carboxylic Acid ↔️ Carboxy- / -oic acid
• What is the IUPAC name for HCHO?

  Formaldehyde
• Alkyl halides use the suffix '-halide' in IUPAC nomenclature.
• What type of reaction do alcohols undergo to form esters?

  Esterification
• Amines are basic and can react with acids to form salts.
• Carboxylic acids react with bases to form salts and water.
• What type of reaction do aldehydes undergo to form alcohols?

  Reduction
• Match the organic compound with its functional group:

  Acetone ↔️ Ketone

  Ethanol ↔️ Alcohol

  Formaldehyde ↔️ Aldehyde

  Chloromethane ↔️ Alkyl Halide
• Functional group isomers have the same molecular formula but different functional groups.
• One key condition for functional group isomerism is an identical molecular formula.
• Which functional group is present in propanal?

  Aldehyde
• Acetone is an isomer of propanal.