13.2.2 Applications of Born-Haber Cycles

• What is the purpose of Born-Haber cycles?

  Calculate lattice energy
• Born-Haber cycles illustrate the energy changes during the formation of an ionic compound from its elements in their standard states.
• Match the enthalpy change with its notation:

  Atomisation of the metal ↔️ $ΔH_{at_{metal}}$

  Ionisation of the metal ↔️ $ΔH_{IE}$

  Electron affinity of the non-metal ↔️ $ΔH_{EA}$

  Lattice energy ↔️ $ΔH_{LE}$
• The key equation for Born-Haber cycles is $ΔH_{f}$
• The lattice energy in a Born-Haber cycle is always negative.
• Arrange the following steps in the correct order to describe the formation of an ionic compound in a Born-Haber cycle:

  1️⃣ Atomisation of the metal

  2️⃣ Ionisation of the metal

  3️⃣ Atomisation of the non-metal

  4️⃣ Electron affinity of the non-metal

  5️⃣ Formation of the ionic compound
• Match the enthalpy change with its description:

  Atomisation of the metal ↔️ Solid metal to gaseous atoms

  Ionisation of the metal ↔️ Gaseous metal atoms lose electrons

  Electron affinity of the non-metal ↔️ Gaseous non-metal atoms gain electrons

  Lattice energy ↔️ Gaseous ions form a solid lattice
• The total enthalpy change for the entire Born-Haber cycle equals the enthalpy of formation
• What is the primary use of Born-Haber cycles?

  Calculate lattice energy
• Born-Haber cycles illustrate the energy changes during the formation of an ionic compound from its elements in their standard states.
• Match the enthalpy change with its notation:

  Atomisation of the metal ↔️ $ΔH_{at_{metal}}$

  Ionisation of the metal ↔️ $ΔH_{IE}$

  Electron affinity of the non-metal ↔️ $ΔH_{EA}$

  Lattice energy ↔️ $ΔH_{LE}$
• The key equation for Born-Haber cycles is $ΔH_{f}$
• The lattice energy in a Born-Haber cycle is always negative.
• Arrange the following steps in the correct order to describe the formation of an ionic compound in a Born-Haber cycle:

  1️⃣ Atomisation of the metal

  2️⃣ Ionisation of the metal

  3️⃣ Atomisation of the non-metal

  4️⃣ Electron affinity of the non-metal

  5️⃣ Formation of the ionic compound
• Match the enthalpy change with its description:

  Atomisation of the metal ↔️ Solid metal to gaseous atoms

  Ionisation of the metal ↔️ Gaseous metal atoms lose electrons

  Electron affinity of the non-metal ↔️ Gaseous non-metal atoms gain electrons

  Lattice energy ↔️ Gaseous ions form a solid lattice
• The total enthalpy change for the entire Born-Haber cycle equals the enthalpy of formation
• Constructing a Born-Haber cycle involves relating enthalpy changes to the formation of an ionic compound from its elements.
• Match the step in a Born-Haber cycle with its description:

  Sublimation of the metal ↔️ Solid metal becomes gaseous atoms

  Ionisation of the metal ↔️ Gaseous metal atoms lose electrons

  Electron affinity of the non-metal ↔️ Gaseous non-metal atoms gain electrons
• What is the lattice energy of an ionic compound defined as?

  Energy released forming a lattice
• The Born-Haber cycle equation relates the enthalpy of formation to the sum of various enthalpy changes
• Constructing a Born-Haber cycle involves describing the formation of an ionic compound from its elements in a series of steps.
• Steps in constructing a Born-Haber cycle

  1️⃣ Sublimation of Metal

  2️⃣ Ionisation of Metal

  3️⃣ Dissociation of Non-metal

  4️⃣ Electron Affinity of Non-metal

  5️⃣ Formation of Ionic Compound

  6️⃣ Lattice Energy of Ionic Compound
• What is the enthalpy change notation for the sublimation of a metal?

  $ΔH_{sub}$
• The ionisation of a metal involves removing electrons
• What is the process called when a non-metal atom gains electrons to form negative ions?

  Electron Affinity
• Lattice energy is the energy released when gaseous ions form a solid lattice
• Match the key concepts with their descriptions:

  Sublimation ↔️ Requires energy

  Electron Affinity ↔️ Forms negative ions

  Lattice Energy ↔️ Exothermic process
• What is the calculated lattice energy of NaCl in kJ/mol using the Born-Haber cycle example?

  -788
• The Born-Haber equation for calculating lattice energy is ΔH_{L}E = ΔH_{f} - (ΔH_{s}ub + ΔH_{I}E + ΔH_{diss} + ΔH_{E}A)</latex>, where $ΔH_{f}$ represents the enthalpy of formation
• The Born-Haber cycle calculates lattice energy by summing enthalpy changes for various steps in the compound's formation.
• Arrange the following steps in the correct order for calculating lattice energy using a Born-Haber cycle:

  1️⃣ Sublimation of Metal

  2️⃣ Ionisation of Metal

  3️⃣ Dissociation of Non-metal

  4️⃣ Electron Affinity of Non-metal

  5️⃣ Formation of Ionic Compound

  6️⃣ Lattice Energy of Ionic Compound
• What is the key equation for calculating lattice energy using a Born-Haber cycle?

  $ΔH_{L}E =$$ΔH_{f} - (ΔH_{sub} +$$ΔH_{IE} +$$ΔH_{diss} +$$ΔH_{EA})$
• Sublimation of a metal involves converting it from a solid to a gas
• What is the process called when metal atoms are converted to ions?

  Ionisation
• The dissociation of a non-metal involves breaking molecules into atoms
• What happens to non-metal atoms during electron affinity?

  Gain electrons
• Order the steps involved in calculating lattice energy using a Born-Haber cycle:

  1️⃣ Sublimation of metal

  2️⃣ Ionisation of metal

  3️⃣ Dissociation of non-metal

  4️⃣ Electron affinity of non-metal

  5️⃣ Formation of ionic compound
• The sublimation of a metal is an endothermic process.
• Match the enthalpy change notation with its description:

  $ΔH_{sub}$ ↔️ Sublimation of metal

  $ΔH_{IE}$ ↔️ Ionisation of metal

  $ΔH_{diss}$ ↔️ Dissociation of non-metal

  $ΔH_{EA}$ ↔️ Electron affinity of non-metal
• For NaCl, what does a Born-Haber cycle help calculate?

  Lattice energy