17.1.2 Reactions of Carbonyl Compounds

• What is the functional group in carbonyl compounds?

  C=O
• Aldehydes have the general formula RCHO
• Aldehydes must have at least one hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl group.
• What is the general formula for ketones?

  RCOR'
• Carbonyl compounds are polar due to the electronegativity difference between carbon and oxygen
• Carbonyl compounds have high reactivity due to the C=O bond.
• Which type of carbonyl compound is readily oxidized to carboxylic acids?

  Aldehydes
• Match the carbonyl compound with its example:

  Aldehydes ↔️ Methanal ($HCHO$)

  Ketones ↔️ Propanone ($CH_{3}COCH_{3}$)
• What type of reaction involves a nucleophile attacking the carbonyl carbon?

  Nucleophilic addition
• In nucleophilic addition, the carbonyl double bond breaks to form a single bond with the nucleophile.
• Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition due to less steric hindrance
• What type of product is formed when aldehydes and ketones are hydrated?

  Gem-diols
• Hydration of carbonyl compounds requires either acid or base catalysts.
• Steps in the hydration mechanism of carbonyl compounds

  1️⃣ Activation of carbonyl group

  2️⃣ Nucleophilic attack by water

  3️⃣ Proton transfer
• The hydration of acetaldehyde in an acidic environment forms gem-diols
• What type of product is formed when aldehydes and ketones are hydrated?

  Gem-diols
• What type of product is formed when aldehydes and ketones undergo hydration?

  Gem-diols
• Protonation or deprotonation of the carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones enhances its electrophilicity or nucleophilicity.
• Arrange the steps in the mechanism of aldehyde and ketone hydration.

  1️⃣ Activation of Carbonyl Group

  2️⃣ Nucleophilic Attack by Water

  3️⃣ Proton Transfer
• In the hydration of aldehydes and ketones, water attacks the carbonyl carbon
• What is formed when aldehydes and ketones react with hydrogen cyanide (HCN)?

  Cyanohydrins
• The cyanide ion acts as a nucleophile in the formation of cyanohydrins.
• In the final step of cyanohydrin formation, the oxygen ion picks up a proton
• Arrange the steps in the reaction of Grignard reagents with aldehydes and ketones.

  1️⃣ Nucleophilic Attack by R⁻

  2️⃣ Magnesium Alkoxide Formation

  3️⃣ Hydrolysis
• Anhydrous conditions are essential for reactions involving Grignard reagents to ensure safety.
• What is the functional group in carbonyl compounds?

  \chem{C = O}
• Match the type of carbonyl compound with its general formula.

  Aldehydes ↔️ $RCHO$

  Ketones ↔️ $RCOR'$
• Carbonyl compounds are polar due to the electronegativity difference between carbon and oxygen
• Ketones are readily oxidized to carboxylic acids.

  False
• What type of bond is broken in nucleophilic addition reactions with carbonyl compounds?

  \chem{C = O}
• Arrange the steps in the mechanism of nucleophilic addition reactions with carbonyl compounds.

  1️⃣ Nucleophilic Attack

  2️⃣ Protonation
• Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition reactions due to less steric hindrance.
• What is the final product of aldehyde and ketone hydration?

  Gem-diols
• Why are aldehydes more reactive than ketones?

  Less steric hindrance
• Aldehydes react with HCN to form cyanohydrins
• Nucleophilic addition reactions involve the nucleophile attacking the carbonyl carbon.
• Steps in the mechanism of a nucleophilic addition reaction

  1️⃣ Nucleophilic Attack

  2️⃣ Protonation
• What makes aldehydes more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition reactions?

  Less steric hindrance
• Hydration of aldehydes and ketones requires an acid or base catalyst
• Gem-diols have two OH groups attached to the same carbon atom.