17.2.1 Carboxylic Acids

• What is the functional group that characterizes carboxylic acids?

  -COOH
• Carboxylic acids are derived from alkanes by replacing hydrogen atoms with a carboxyl group.
• The carboxyl group in carboxylic acids combines a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl
• What suffix replaces the parent alkane name when naming carboxylic acids?

  -oic acid
• The carboxyl group has the highest priority in the naming of carboxylic acids.
• Methane is the parent alkane of methanoic acid
• What is the carboxylic acid derived from ethane?

  Ethanoic acid
• A carboxylic acid with four carbon atoms is called butanoic acid.
• Why are carboxylic acids highly soluble in polar solvents?

  Hydrogen bonding
• The solubility of carboxylic acids decreases as the hydrocarbon chain length increases.
• Carboxylic acids have higher melting and boiling points compared to alkanes due to strong hydrogen bonding
• What phenomenon increases the boiling points of carboxylic acids in the liquid and gaseous states?

  Dimerization
• Match the compound type with its example and boiling point:

  Carboxylic Acid ↔️ Ethanoic Acid (118°C)

  Alcohol ↔️ Ethanol (78°C)

  Alkane ↔️ Propane (-42°C)
• What are the primary methods for preparing carboxylic acids?

  Oxidation and hydrolysis
• Why do carboxylic acids have higher melting and boiling points compared to alcohols and alkanes of similar size?

  Strong hydrogen bonding
• Carboxylic acids form dimers in the liquid and gaseous states to increase their effective molecular weight and boiling points.
• Match the compound type with its example and boiling point:

  Carboxylic Acid ↔️ Ethanoic Acid, 118 °C

  Alcohol ↔️ Ethanol, 78 °C

  Alkane ↔️ Propane, -42 °C
• Methods to prepare carboxylic acids

  1️⃣ Oxidation of primary alcohols

  2️⃣ Oxidation of aldehydes

  3️⃣ Hydrolysis of esters
• Which strong oxidizing agents can be used to oxidize primary alcohols to carboxylic acids?

  $KMnO_{4}$ or $K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}$
• Aldehydes can be oxidized to carboxylic acids using mild oxidizing agents like Tollens’ reagent.
• Match the oxidizing agent with its effectiveness on primary alcohols and aldehydes:

  $KMnO_{4}$ ↔️ Effective on primary alcohols, no reaction needed for aldehydes

  $K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}$ ↔️ Effective on both primary alcohols and aldehydes

  Tollens’ reagent ↔️ Not suitable for primary alcohols, very effective on aldehydes
• Under what conditions are esters hydrolyzed to produce carboxylic acids?

  Acidic or alkaline
• Carboxylic acids are characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which combines a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group.
• Carboxylic acids are derived from alkanes by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with the carboxyl group.
• How are carboxylic acids named according to IUPAC nomenclature?

  Replace alkane suffix with -oic acid
• Match the alkane with its corresponding carboxylic acid:

  Methane ↔️ Methanoic Acid

  Ethane ↔️ Ethanoic Acid
• Carboxylic acids are highly soluble in polar solvents due to hydrogen bonding.
• Why do carboxylic acids have higher boiling points compared to alcohols and alkanes of similar molecular weight?

  Strong hydrogen bonding
• Which strong oxidizing agents are used to oxidize primary alcohols to carboxylic acids?

  $KMnO_{4}$ and $K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}$
• The oxidation of a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid also produces water
• The oxidation of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid requires [O]
• Steps for preparing carboxylic acids from aldehydes using oxidation

  1️⃣ React aldehyde with mild oxidizing agent

  2️⃣ Observe formation of carboxylic acid
• Hydrolysis of esters under acidic or alkaline conditions can produce carboxylic acids
• The hydrolysis of an ester results in the formation of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
• What type of oxidizing agents are required for the oxidation of primary alcohols?

  Strong oxidizing agents
• Primary alcohols are oxidized to carboxylic acids using strong oxidizing agents like $KMnO_{4}$
• The oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids requires mild oxidizing agents or acidified K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}
• Ester hydrolysis under acidic conditions can produce carboxylic acids
• Which mild oxidizing agent is used in the preparation of carboxylic acids from aldehydes?

  Tollens' reagent
• What are the strong oxidizing agents used to prepare carboxylic acids from primary alcohols?

  $KMnO_{4}$ or $K_{2}Cr_{2}O_{7}$