3.2. Tectonic Hazards

• Tectonic hazards can only occur at plate boundaries.


  True
• Earthquakes release energy in the form of seismic
• Earthquakes occur when tectonic plates suddenly slip
• What are the two main types of tectonic hazards?

  Earthquakes and volcanoes
• Tectonic plate movement is driven by mantle convection currents and slab pull
• What happens when stress at a fault exceeds friction between plates?

  Earthquake
• What are primary impacts of tectonic hazards?

  Immediate effects of event
• What are secondary impacts of tectonic hazards caused by?

  Primary impacts
• What type of energy do earthquakes release when tectonic plates slip?

  Seismic waves
• What is the semi-molten layer beneath the tectonic plates called?

  Asthenosphere
• Match the plate boundary type with its description:

  Convergent ↔️ Plates collide, one is subducted

  Divergent ↔️ Plates move apart, creating gaps

  Transform ↔️ Plates slide past each other
• Secondary impacts of tectonic hazards often include landslides and tsunamis
• What was the magnitude of the 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake in Japan?

  9.0
• The 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake triggered a devastating tsunami
• Mount Merapi is a stratovolcano
• Match the strategy with its example:

  Mitigation ↔️ Strengthening buildings

  Preparedness ↔️ Conducting disaster drills

  Monitoring ↔️ Using seismic networks
• Preparedness measures focus on improving resilience and response capabilities.


  True
• Land use planning and building codes can significantly reduce the impact of tectonic hazards.

  True
• Match the strategy with its example:

  Strengthening buildings ↔️ Mitigation

  Disaster drills ↔️ Preparedness

  Seismic monitoring ↔️ Monitoring
• What is the primary purpose of monitoring and early warning systems for tectonic hazards?

  Detect and predict events
• Why are tectonic hazards a key area of study in AQA A-Level Geography?

  Widespread destruction
• What is the primary cause of volcanic eruptions?

  Upwelling of magma
• Match the tectonic hazard with its description:

  Earthquakes ↔️ Release energy through seismic waves

  Volcanic eruptions ↔️ Upwelling of magma from the mantle
• Compression forces occur at divergent plate boundaries.

  False
• The Pacific "Ring of Fire" is associated with convergent and transform plate boundaries.


  True
• Tsunamis are secondary impacts of tectonic hazards.


  True
• Secondary impacts are indirect and occur later
• Volcanic eruptions are caused by the upwelling of molten rock, also known as magma
• Earthquakes occur when stress exceeds friction at a fault
• Order the regions by tectonic activity level, from highest to lowest:

  1️⃣ Pacific "Ring of Fire"

  2️⃣ Mid-Atlantic Ridge
• The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake in Japan was a magnitude 9.0 event.

  True
• The 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake occurred off the northeast coast of Japan.


  True
• The 2011 Tōhoku Earthquake led to the Fukushima nuclear disaster.


  True
• Mount Merapi is located in central Java, Indonesia.


  True
• The 2010 Mount Merapi eruption led to the evacuation of over 350,000 people
• What is the aim of mitigation strategies for tectonic hazards?

  Reduce potential impact
• Why are monitoring and early warning systems crucial for managing tectonic hazards?

  Detect and predict events
• What is the overall goal of managing tectonic hazards effectively?

  Comprehensive approach
• Strengthening buildings is an example of a mitigation strategy for tectonic hazards.

  True
• What are tectonic hazards caused by?

  Earth's tectonic plates