6.4.2 Cloning in animals

• Reproductive cloning often uses the technique called SCNT
• Match the type of cloning with its purpose:

  Reproductive cloning ↔️ Creating a complete new animal

  Therapeutic cloning ↔️ Producing cells or tissues for medical treatment
• Reproductive cloning creates a genetically identical copy using SCNT
• What technique is used in both reproductive and therapeutic cloning?

  Somatic cell nuclear transfer
• What are the two main types of cloning in animals?

  Reproductive and therapeutic
• What does SCNT stand for?

  Somatic cell nuclear transfer
• The nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated egg cell during SCNT.

  True
• In reproductive cloning, the cloned embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother
• Match the source cell with its advantage and disadvantage:

  Somatic Cells ↔️ Easy access, may have DNA damage

  Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs) ↔️ Pluripotent, ethical concerns
• An improperly calibrated electric pulse in SCNT can damage the egg cell.


  True
• What is the primary difference in genetic material between cloned and naturally conceived embryos?

  Somatic cell nucleus vs. egg and sperm
• Why is animal welfare a major ethical concern in cloning?

  Higher rates of abnormalities
• What are the two main types of animal cloning?

  Reproductive and therapeutic
• Steps of the SCNT process:

  1️⃣ Obtain egg cell and remove nucleus

  2️⃣ Take somatic cell from animal to be cloned

  3️⃣ Extract somatic cell nucleus and transfer

  4️⃣ Apply electric pulse
• What is removed from the egg cell during the first step of SCNT?

  Nucleus
• What is the purpose of applying an electric pulse in SCNT?

  Stimulate cell division
• Reproductive cloning creates a genetically identical copy of the original animal
• Why are embryonic stem cells technically challenging to obtain and maintain?

  Ethical concerns and complexity
• What is the surrogate mother's role in reproductive cloning?

  Provide environment for growth
• What is the key technique used in both reproductive and therapeutic cloning?

  Somatic cell nuclear transfer
• The cloned embryo in reproductive cloning is implanted into a surrogate mother.


  True
• Somatic cells are easy to access but may have accumulated DNA damage
• What type of stimulus is typically used to trigger cell division in SCNT?

  Electric pulse
• Stages in the development of a cloned embryo

  1️⃣ Electric pulse stimulates egg cell division

  2️⃣ Formation of a blastocyst

  3️⃣ Gestation in a surrogate mother

  4️⃣ Birth of the clone
• What does a cloned embryo develop into if implanted into a surrogate mother?

  A live cloned animal
• Steps in the gestation process of a cloned embryo

  1️⃣ Blastocyst is implanted into surrogate mother

  2️⃣ Embryo grows into a fetus

  3️⃣ Clone is born
• Cloned embryos develop into a blastocyst, which consists of an inner cell mass and an outer layer of cells.

  True
• What role does a surrogate mother play in the gestation of a cloned embryo?

  Provides necessary environment
• What is one ethical concern regarding animal cloning related to animal welfare?

  Higher rates of abnormalities
• What is the primary goal of reproductive cloning?

  Create identical offspring
• The key differences between reproductive and therapeutic cloning include the intent and the end product.
• One limitation of therapeutic cloning is the ethical concern of destroying embryos to harvest stem cells.


  True
• What is cloning in animals defined as?

  Creating a genetically identical copy
• Therapeutic cloning grows the cloned embryo to the blastocyst stage before harvesting stem cells.


  True
• Steps of the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) process:

  1️⃣ Obtain an egg cell and remove its nucleus

  2️⃣ Extract the nucleus from a somatic cell

  3️⃣ Transfer the somatic cell nucleus into the enucleated egg cell

  4️⃣ Apply an electric pulse to stimulate cell division

  5️⃣ Implant the cloned embryo into a surrogate mother or grow to the blastocyst stage
• What is the first step in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)?

  Enucleation of an egg cell
• Therapeutic cloning produces an entire cloned animal.

  False
• Match the source cell with its advantages and disadvantages:

  Somatic Cells ↔️ Easy access and availability, may have DNA damage

  Embryonic Stem Cells ↔️ Pluripotent, ethical concerns and technical challenges
• Steps of the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) process:

  1️⃣ Obtain an egg cell and remove its nucleus

  2️⃣ Extract the nucleus from a somatic cell

  3️⃣ Transfer the somatic cell nucleus into the enucleated egg cell

  4️⃣ Apply an electric pulse to stimulate cell division
• The first step in SCNT involves obtaining an egg cell and removing its nucleus