ch-6

• What is the distance from one crest of a wave to the next called?

  Wavelength
• What are the units for wavelength?

  meters (m)
• What does frequency measure?

  Number of waves per second
• What are the units for frequency?

  s^-1 or Hertz
• What does amplitude represent in a wave?

  Height of a wave from origin to crest
• What is the speed of light?

  3.00 x 10⁸ m/s
• How are frequency and wavelength related at a fixed speed?

  Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength
• Who theorized that light is made of particles?

  Max Planck and Albert Einstein
• What is a photon?

  A packet of electromagnetic radiation
• How is the energy of a photon calculated?

  Using Planck's constant and frequency
• What does the electromagnetic spectrum represent?

  Range of electromagnetic radiation wavelengths
• What happens to wavelength and frequency from radio waves to gamma rays?

  Wavelength decreases and frequency increases
• What is the photoelectric effect?

  Electrons are ejected when photons strike metal
• Who theorized the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?

  Werner Heisenberg
• What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle state?

  Velocity and position cannot be measured simultaneously
• What does complementarity refer to in quantum mechanics?

  Electrons can be seen as particles or waves
• How does the uncertainty in momentum relate to position?

  The more precise the momentum, the less precise the position
• What is the Bohr model of the atom?

  Electrons travel in circular orbits around the nucleus
• What is the shell number in the Bohr model?

  It represents the energy level of an electron
• What occurs during absorption in the Bohr model?

  An electron moves to a higher energy shell
• What occurs during emission in the Bohr model?

  An electron moves to a lower energy shell
• How does the distance between shells change in the Bohr model?

  Distance between shells decreases as shell number increases
• What does the Bohr equation calculate?

  Energy transition of an electron between shells
• What is the Rydberg constant for energy transitions?

  2.178 x 10^-18 J
• What is the formula for energy change in the Bohr equation?

  E = -R_E[1/n²_final - 1/n²_initial]
• What is the formula for wavelength in the Bohr equation?

  1/λ = -R[1/n²_final - 1/n²_initial]
• What is quantum mechanics?

  Mathematical description of matter and electrons
• What do quantum numbers describe?

  Energy levels and location of electrons
• What is a shell in quantum mechanics?

  The orbit electrons take around the nucleus
• What are subshells in quantum mechanics?

  Regions where groups of electrons are located
• What variables are used for subshells?

  s, p, d, f
• What does the principal quantum number (n) indicate?

  Size and energy level of an atomic orbital
• What is the limitation of the principal quantum number (n)?

  Must be an integer from 1 upwards
• What is the relationship between n and l?

  l can range from 0 to n-1
• What does the angular momentum quantum number (l) determine?

  Shape of the orbitals within a subshell
• How does the angular momentum quantum number relate to subshells?

  It determines the subshell letter assigned
• What are the l values for subshells?

  0 for s, 1 for p, 2 for d, 3 for f
• What does the magnetic quantum number (m_l) indicate?

  Orientation of the orbital
• What is the limitation of the magnetic quantum number (m_l)?

  Range is from -l to +l
• What does the spin quantum number (m_s) represent?

  Rotational spin of an electron in an orbital