Chapter 4 - reactions in aqueaous solutions

• What do solutions represent in chemistry?

  Homogeneous mixtures of two or more components
• What is a solute?

  The smallest portion dissolved in a solvent
• What is a solvent?

  The part present in larger amount
• What does concentration measure in a solution?

  The amount of solute in a given solution
• What does molarity (M) represent?

  Number of moles of solute per liter of solution
• How is molarity calculated?

  Molarity = moles solute / L solution
• How do you calculate the number of moles from grams of NaOH?

  Use the formula: grams x 1 mol/grams
• How do you find the molarity of chloride ions from AlCl3?

  M = moles of Cl- / L of solution
• What does molality measure in a solution?

  Moles of solute per kg of solvent
• How is molality calculated?

  Molality (m) = moles of solute / kg of solvent
• What is a standard (stock) solution?

  A concentrated solution for dilution later
• What is dilution in chemistry?

  Addition of more solvent to lower concentration
• How is dilution calculated?

  M1V1 = M2V2
• What does solubility refer to?

  The ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent
• What does it mean if a solute is soluble?

  It can dissolve into aqueous ions in solvent
• What does it mean if a solute is insoluble?

  It cannot be dissolved in a solvent
• What are solubility rules?


  Guidelines to determine solubility of compounds
• What does GANA CASH refer to?

  Soluble ionic solutes with exceptions
• What does COPS refer to in solubility rules?

  Insoluble ionic solutes with exceptions
• Which compounds are soluble according to the solubility rules?

  Group 1A, nitrates, and acetates
• What are strong electrolytes?

  Compounds that completely dissolve into ions
• What are weak electrolytes?

  Solutes that partially dissolve into ions
• What defines a strong acid?

  Acids that completely dissociate in solution
• What is a weak acid?

  An acid that does not completely dissociate
• What is an amine?

  A compound containing nitrogen and hydrogen
• What is the significance of hydroxides in strong bases?

  They are formed from group 1A and 2A metals
• What is the relationship between strong acids and weak acids?

  If not strong, then automatically weak
• What is the role of conductivity in electrolytes?

  It measures the ability of electric current to flow
• How do you calculate the total concentration of ions in a solution?

  Sum the concentrations of all ions present
• What is the significance of the memory tool "COPS"?

  It helps remember insoluble ionic compounds
• What does the term "precipitate" refer to?

  A solid formed from a solution
• How do you determine the molarity of a solution?

  Calculate moles of solute per liter of solution
• What is the relationship between solubility and temperature?

  Solubility often increases with temperature
• What is the formula for calculating molarity?

  Molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution
• What is the significance of the term "strong base"?

  It completely dissociates in solution
• How do you calculate the number of moles from grams of a compound?

  Use grams x 1 mol/molar mass
• What is the role of strong acids in solutions?

  They completely ionize in water
• What is the significance of weak acids in solutions?

  They partially ionize and establish equilibrium
• What is the formula for calculating molality?

  Molality = moles of solute / kg of solvent
• What is the significance of the term "electrolyte"?

  It conducts electricity in ionic form