Chapter 1 - Intro: Matter, Energy, and Measurement

• Why is chemistry considered versatile?

  It offers careers in various fields
• What defines matter?

  Has mass and takes up space
• What are the five states of matter?

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Plasma
  • Bose Einstein Condensate
• How are solids characterized?

  Definite shape and volume, not compressible
• What is a characteristic of liquids?

  Not compressible, takes shape of container
• What defines gases?

  No fixed volume or shape, far apart molecules
• What is an atom?

  The basic functional unit of matter
• What is an element?

  Composed of one kind of atom
• What is a compound?

  Composed of two or more different elements
• What distinguishes a mixture?

  Physically mixed elements or compounds
• What is a heterogeneous mixture?

  Varies in composition throughout a sample
• What is a homogeneous mixture?

  Same composition throughout the sample
• What are molecules?

  Groups of atoms bonded together
• What are the types of properties of matter?

  • Physical properties
  • Chemical properties
• What are physical properties?

  Measurable without changing chemical structure
• What are chemical properties?

  Properties that change a substance's identity
• What are intensive properties?

  Independent of the amount of substance present
• What are extensive properties?

  Dependent on the amount of substance present
• What is a physical change?

  No change in the composition of a substance
• What is a chemical change?

  Results in new substances and bonds
• What methods can separate mixtures?

  • Filtration
  • Distillation
  • Chromatography
• What is filtration used for?

  To separate insoluble solid particles from liquid
• How does distillation work?

  Uses boiling points to separate liquid mixtures
• What is chromatography used for?

  Separates substances based on adhesion differences
• What is energy?

  Causes movement or change in objects
• What is work in terms of energy?

  Energy transferred causing displacement
• What is heat?

  Energy causing temperature increase
• What is force?

  Any push or pull on an object
• What is kinetic energy?

  Energy of motion of atoms
• What is potential energy?

  Stored energy based on position of atoms
• What are the SI base units for physical quantities?

  • Mass: Kilogram (kg)
  • Length: Meter (m)
  • Time: Seconds (s)
  • Temperature: Kelvin (K)
  • Amount of substance: Mole (mol)
  • Electrical current: Amperes (A)
  • Luminous Intensity: Candela (cd)
• What are metric prefixes?

  Modifiers that are multiples of 10
• What is the memory tool for metric prefixes?

  The Great Monarch King Henry's Daughter Barbara drinks chocolate milk until nine pm
• What is the base unit for volume?

  Liter (L) and milliliter (mL)
• What is density?

  Physical property derived from mass and volume
• What is the unit of energy?

  Joule (J)
• What is uncertainty in measurements?

  All measured numbers have some degree of inaccuracy
• What is precision?

  How closely measurements agree with each other
• What is accuracy?

  How closely measurements agree with the true value
• What are significant figures?

  Digits contributing to the precision of a value