LA 2

• What are the terms used to describe anatomical planes?

  Cranial, Caudal, Medial, Lateral, Proximal, Distal, Dorsal, Ventral
• When does the axial skeleton begin to form?

  During early embryonic development
• What continues after the axial skeleton begins to form?

  Growth, remodeling, and ossification
• What is the term for the block-like tissue structures formed from mesoderm tissue?

  Somite
• What does the sclerotome give rise to?

  Fibrous connective tissues, cartilages, and bones
• What bones make up the axial skeleton?

  Skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum

  
• What type of joint is a symphysis?

  Fibrocartilaginous joint
• What is the intervertebral disk?

  The symphysis between adjacent vertebrae

  
• What is the function of the intervertebral disc?

  Provides amortization and maintains spine length
• What is the annulus fibrosus?

  A fibrous ring around the intervertebral disc
• What is the nucleus pulposus?

  The central part of the intervertebral disc
• What condition affects the spine when the annulus fibrosus is damaged?

  Disc herniation
• What can disc herniation cause?

  Compression of nerves or spinal cord
• Which joint is a counter-example to disc herniation?

  Atlanto-occipital joint
• What does the dorsal longitudinal ligament limit?

  Ventral flexion of the spine
• What does the ventral longitudinal ligament prevent?

  Hyperextension of the spine
• What are the short ligaments between vertebrae?

  Yellow, inter-transverse, and interspinous ligaments
• What is the function of the supraspinous ligament?

  Helps maintain the upright position of the head
• What does the nuchal ligament help with?

  Stability of head and neck during flexion
• What are the two parts of the nuchal ligament?

  Funiculus and lamina
• How does the nuchal ligament differ in dogs?

  Located in the spinous process of the axis
• What is the atlanto-occipital joint responsible for?

  Connecting the head and atlas

  
• What are the articular surfaces of the atlanto-axial joint?

  Caudal fovea of the atlas and cranial apophysis of the axis
• What ligaments surround the atlanto-axial joint?

  Atlantoaxial membrane and atlantoaxial ligaments
• What limits lateral movement in the atlanto-axial joint?

  Lateral ligaments connecting the atlas and occipital bone

  
• What percentage of cervical fractures occur in C1 or C2?

  90%
• Which species has a higher number of spine diseases?

  Dogs
• What type of joint is the costavertebral joint?

  Synovial joint
• What does the costotransverse joint connect?

  The tubercle of a rib with the thoracic vertebra
• What type of joint is the sternocostal joint?

  Synchondrosis for the first rib, synovial for others
• What percentage of disc herniations in dogs occur between which vertebrae?

  60% between T11 and L2
• What are the main components of the axial skeleton?

  • Skull
  • Vertebrae
  • Ribs
  • Sternum

  
• What are the characteristics of the intervertebral discs?

  • Composed of cartilage and fibrous tissue
  • External portion: annulus fibrosus
  • Central part: nucleus pulposus
  • Function: absorb impact and pressure
• What are the differences between the dorsal and ventral longitudinal ligaments?

  • Dorsal: limits ventral flexion
  • Ventral: prevents hyperextension
• What are the types of ligaments associated with vertebral joints?

  • Short ligaments: yellow, inter-transverse, interspinous
  • Long ligaments: supraspinous, nuchal

  
• What are the movements allowed by the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints?

  • Atlanto-occipital: flexion/extension
  • Atlanto-axial: rotation

  
• What are the types of joints in the thoracic skeleton?

  • Costavertebral joint: synovial
  • Costotransverse joint: synovial
  • Sternocostal joint: synchondrosis (1st), synovial (rest)
  • Costochondral joints: synchondrosis