Lesson 12: Spaces for Conflicts and Controversies

• 10 Bornean Datus


  • Datu Puti & Piangpangan
  • Datu Sumakwel & Kapinangan
  • Datu Bangkaya & Katurong
  • Datu Dumalogdog
  • Datu Dumangsil
  • Datu Paiburong & Pabilaan
  • Datu Datu Paduhinog (Paduhinogan) & Tibongsapay
  • Datu Labay
  • Datu Balensusa
  • Datu Dumangsol
• The Code of Kalantiaw


  • The Code of Kalantiaw is a mythical, purported penal code in the epic history Maragtas claimed to have been written in 1433 and ‘discovered’ in Panay in 1614 by Jose E. Marco, a ‘peddler of historical frauds.
  • Before it was revealed as a hoax, it was a source of pride for the people of Aklan – scholars in the Philippines and in the United States accepted it at face value.
  • In fact, a historical marker was installed in the town of Batan, Aklan in 1956
• Princess Urduja


  • She was a legendary warrior princess recorded in the travel accounts of an Arab traveler in the 14th century, Ibn Battuta, described as a princess of Kaylukari in the land of Tawalisi, a disputed place believed to be in Pangasinan.
  • According to Ibn Battuta, she is the ruler of Kaylukari and leader of Kinalakian, daughter of Tawalisi in the land bearing the same name.
  • This ruler possessed many junks ships which was a rival of China ruled by a Mongol dynasty.
  • The land, according to Battuta’s record is ‘17 days to reach China
• First Catholic Mass in the Philippines


  • The first one was, the log kept by Francisco Albo, a pilot of one of Magellan’s ship Trinidad.
  • He was of the 18 survivors who returned with Sebastian Elcano on the ship Victoria after they circumnavigated the world.
  • The second one, is the more complete, it was the account by Antonio Pigafetta, Primo Viaggio Intorno Al Modo (First Voyage Around the World), also a member of Magellan’s expedition and an eyewitness to the events.
• Age of Exploration


  • It is a period of competition among European rulers to conquer and colonize lands outside their original domains.
  • Its goal was to find alternative routes by sea to get to Asia, the main source of spices and other commodities because existing routes to Asia were mainly by land and costs very expensive; a sea route means Europeans’ direct access to the spice trade, greatly reducing costs for traders.
• Cavite Mutiny


  1872 is a historic year in the Philippines because of two events:

  1. The Cavite Mutiny; and
  2. The martyrdom of the three priests: Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, later on immortalized as GOMBURZA.
• Rizal’s Retraction Document


  • Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal is identified as a hero of the revolution for his writings that center on ending colonialism and liberating Filipino minds to contribute to creating the Filipino nation.
  • The great volume of Rizal's lifework was committed to this end, particularly the more influential ones, Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
  • Rizal essays vilify not the Catholic religion, but the friars, the main agents of injustice in the Philippine society.
• Rizal Connection to the Katipunan


  • Rizal’s connection to the Katipunan is undeniable – in fact, the precursor of the Katipunan as an organization is the La Liga Filipina, an organization Rizal founded, with Andres Bonifacio as one of its members.
• Rizal Connection to the Katipunan


  • But La Liga Filipina was short-lived as the Spaniards exiled Rizal to Dapitan.
  • Former members decided to band together to (re)establish the Katipunan a few days after Rizal's exile on 7 July 1892.
  • New foundation documents tell us that Katipunan has been in existence as early as second week of January 1892 with its own declaration of ‘severance from a pretending mother’ (which is Spain).
• Where did the Cry of Rebellion Happened?


  • Momentous events swept the Spanish colonies in the late nineteenth century, including the Philippines.
  • Journalists of the time referred to the phrase "El Grito de Rebelion" or "Cry of Rebellion" to mark the start of these revolutionary events, identifying the places where it happened.