final lab exm

• urine is the byproduct of all detoxification activities of kidneys
• normal adult excretes about 600 mL to 2000mL of urine
• the volume varies from the volume of water intake, the nature of food in diet, and the temperature of the environment.
• the specific gravity of the urine is ranging from 1.030 to 1.003.
• the pH of the urine ranges from 4.8 to 7.5
• the color of urine is due to the present of urochrome that gives the urine an amber yellow color
• freshly voided urine/midstream clean catch gives an aromatic odor. but on standing, it breaks down the ammonia that is responsible for the putrid odor
• normal constituents of the urine are: water, urea, sodium chloride, creatinine, ammonia, hippuric acid, and purine bodies
• in analysis of urine, we did some test about the volume, color, clarity, and odor in physical characteristic
• the two additional urine are uroerythrin, and urobilin
• uroerythrin gives a color of pink pigment. it is most evident in the specimens that have been refrigerated resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urates
• uroerythrin attaches to the urates to give a pink color to the sediment
• urobilin is an oxidation product of urobilinogen that gives orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh
• colorless- recent water consumption
• pale yellow- polyuria, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, dilute random specimen
• dark yellow- concentrated specimen, vitamins B complex, bilirubin, dehydration, acriflavine, nitrofurantoin
• orange-yellow- phenazopyridine, phenindione, sulfasalazine
• yellow-green = bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin
• green = pseudomonas infections, asparagus
• blue-green = methocarbamol, amitriptyline, clorets, methylene blue
• pink-red = RBCs, hemoglobin, myoglobin, beets, rifampin, menstrual contamination
• port-wine = porphyrins
• red-brown = RBCs oxidized to methemoglobin, myoglobin
• brown-black = homogentisic acid, malignant melanoma, phenol derivatives, methocarbamol
• clarity refers to the transparency or turbidity of a urine specimen
• the presence of epithelial squamous cell, and mucus can turn into hazy in women but is normal
• additional non-pathological cause of the urine: mucus, normal urine crystals, semen, fecal contamination
• clear = no visible particulate, transparent
• hazy- few particulates, prints can be easily seen through urine
• cloudy- many particulates, the print is blurred through the urine
• turbid = no prints can be seen through the urine
• milky = may precipitate or may be clotted
• nonpathological causes of urine turbidity are: Squamous epithelial cells, mucus, amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates, semen. fecal contamination, radiographic contrast media, talcum powder, vaginal creams
• pathological causes of urine turbidity are: RBCs, WBCs, Trichomonads, Nonsquamous epithelial cells, abnormal cyrstals, lymph fluid, lipids
• the odor of freshly urine has faint aromatic odor
• as the specimen stands, the odor of ammonia becomes more prominent.
• the breakdonw of urea is responsible for the characteristic ammonia odor
• aromatic - normal
• foul, ammonia like = bacterial decomposition, presence of urinary tract infection
• fruity, sweet = ketones (diabetes mellitus, starvation, vomiting)