Part II The Government

Created by

Loren Jaye

Cards (39)

State distinguished from Government
A state cannot exist without a government, but it is possible to have a government without a state.
The government is only the agency through which the state articulate its will.
A government may change, its form may change, but the state, as long as its essential element are present, remains the same.
Purpose and Necessity of Government 
Advancement of the public welfare
Protection of society and its members
Advancement of the physical, economic, social, and cultural well-being of the people.
Consequence of its absence is anarchy, disunity, and chaos.
Functions of the Government 
Protection and regulation of the sustainable natural resources of the land.
Establishing and maintaining foreign relations.
Developing business strengths and potentials.
Determine and enforce civil laws of property and conduct.
Implement and regulate fair and responsible business practices.
Provide public goods and services for the well-being of the community as a whole.
Types and Forms of Government 
Authoritarian Governments
Democratic Governments
Monarchy
Dictatorship
Oligarchy
Socialism
Aristocracy
Communism
Totalitarianism
De Jure & De Facto
Authoritarian Governments 
Features/Characteristics:
Run by one powerful person or a small group of people in a country.
The people serve the government rather than the other way around.
Rights of individuals are frequently not respected.
___ government may give the appearance of being something other than authoritarian such as holding elections but those in control of the government ensures that they keep the actual power.
Most countries before the founding of the US are ruled by authoritarian governments.
Democratic Governments
Features/Characteristics:
The people decided that the government must serve the people.
Most ___ are responsible for creating an environment that promotes the common good - the idea that governments can try to make decisions that help most of the people in the group.
The government is responsible to the people.
Democratic Governments
Features/Characteristics:
Ideas of rights (natural rights as humans) and liberties (a form of freedom that no government should take from an individual) is important.
At times, democracies may not respect the rights of a minority group because they are designed to follow the will of the majority.
Democratic Governments
Features/Characteristics:
Some governments are organized according to a set of rules that must be followed. 
A constitution explains the rule how a government must operate; it can also include protections for individual rights and liberties for all people, including minority groups.
Democratic Governments
Features/Characteristics:
Some governments are organized according to a set of rules that must be followed.
There is a rule of law when the government closely respect the constitution and the laws; more protection for individuals because the decisions made by the government are based on the rules.
Limited government is the idea introduced by the rule of law that there are some areas of life that the government cannot interfere.
Democratic Governments 
Features/Characteristics:
Some democracies considers the idea of equality as important and enshrined it in their constitution - all people are equal and include rules to ensure that the people that run the government treat each person as having equal worth; everyone is equal before the law.
Democratic Governments 
Features/Characteristics:
A form of government in which the ruling power belongs to the majority party. A country that has a government which has been elected by the people of the land.
It is the government of the people, for the people and by the people.
Parliamentary Democracy
Features/Characteristics:
A form of democracy in which the people elect a legislative body called Parliament.
The executive, usually called a prime minister, is selected from the Parliament.
Parliamentary democracies often have many different political parties, and the parties will have to cooperate in running the government because no one party has a clear majority in the body. Example: India
Presidential Democracy
Features/Characteristics:
A form of democracy in which the voters select both their representatives in the legislative body and the executive.
In the United States, voters choose their representatives every two years, electors who select their president through the Electoral College every four years, and their senator every six years.
Participatory Democracy
Features/Characteristics:
A form of government in which people have greater responsibilities than voting for representatives such as serving on advisory boards, commenting on policy changes, or proposing legislation.
Direct democracy is a specific kind of participatory democracy where the people govern themselves directly and not indirectly through chosen representatives; direct democracy is a government run by all the people of a place.
Participatory Democracy
Features/Characteristics:
Other types of governments include elements of participatory democracy rather than organize the entire government around the idea that everyone should be involved in making day-to-day decisions.
Monarchy 
Monarchies can be absolute, constitutional, or ceremonial.
Ruled by a hereditary ruler such as a king, queen, emperor, emir, or sultan.
Monarchies can be absolute, constitutional, or ceremonial.
Kinds of Monarchy 
Absolute Monarchy
Constitutional Monarchy or Limited Monarchy
Ceremonial Monarchy
Absolute Monarchy 
It is a type of monarchy where the ruler exercises absolute sovereign powers; he is the chief executive, the legislator and the judge at the same time. Example: Saudi Arabia
Constitutional Monarchy or Limited Monarchy 
It is a type of monarchy where the ruler rules in accordance or must be guided by the body of rules and customs which are generally embodied in a written constitution. Example: Monaco
Ceremonial Monarchy  
It is a type of monarchy where the ruler has a very little power and performs ceremonial duties. Example: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Dictatorship 
A form of government ruled by a small group of people selected by one person. Example: Turkmenistan under the rule of Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
The power is centralized in the hands of a single individual and exercise power and authority characterized by the development and its political ideology.
Oligarchy 
Ruled by a smaller group of people.
The power is bestowed to only a few individual, the ‘rule by few.’ These ‘few’ may or may not be distinguished by one or several characteristics (nobility, fame, wealth, education, or corporate, religious, political, or military control). Derived from Ancient Greek oligarkhia, rule by few, from oligos, few, and arkho, to rule, command.
Types of Oligarchy 
Stratocracy
Plutocracy
Theocracy
One Part Oligarchy
Stratocracy 
It is a type of oligarchy where military holds the power. Example: present day Thailand
Plutocracy 
It is a type of oligarchy where the wealthy controls the power. Example: Renaissance Italian city states
Theocracy 
It is a type of oligarchy where a group of religious leader controls the power.
One Part Oligarchy
It is a type of oligarchy where only one political party controls the power. Example: Communist Party of China
Socialism 
An economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterized by social ownership of the means of production (assets and resources that enables engagement in production) as opposed to private ownership; can also be considered as a semi-democratic system and a touch of communism. It was derived from Latin sociare, to combine or to share.
Social ownership 
It is a type of property where an asset is recognized to be in the possession of the society rather than individual members or groups within it.
Private ownership 
It is a legal designation for the ownership of property by non-governmental legal entities – a natural law according to John Locke. It is the foundation of capitalism – an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.
Socialism
Features/Characteristics:
It is traditionally on the left-wing (political ideologies support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism as opposed to social hierarchy as a whole) of the political spectrum (characterization and classification of different political positions in relation to one another).
It vary based on the role of markets and planning in resource allocation, and the structure of management in organizations.
Socialism
Features/Characteristics:
Social parties and ideologies remain a political force with varying degrees of power and influence, heading national governments in several countries – either internationalists or nationalist.
Associated with Soviet Union’s economic model where there is a specific centralized planning employed by the Marxist-Leninist socialist states.
Forms of Socialism 
Market Socialism
Non-Market Socialism
Market Socialism 
It retains the use of monetary prices, factor markets and sometimes the profit motive (motivation to maximize profit).
Non-Market Socialism 
It is a system that seeks to eliminate the perceived inefficiencies, irrationalities, unpredictability and crises that is traditionally associated with capital accumulation (dynamic that motivates the pursuit of profit) and the profit system system.
Aristocracy 
It is a form of government where the power resides with a hereditary ruling class that may vary in size but often makes up only a small fraction of the society’s total population.
A government by the best individuals or a small group of privileged class (Merriam-Webster:2024).
The term was derived from Greek aristos, best, and kratia, power. Most of the aristocratic government possesses a well-defined system of hereditary nobility.
Communism 
It is a form of government that refers to the communal ownership of all property derived from Karl Marx political theory.
It is a type of government as well as an economic system (a way of creating and sharing wealth).
In a Communist system, individual people do not own land, factories, or machinery – the government or the whole community owns these things and everyone is supposed to share the wealth that they create.
Totalitarianism 
A form of government that theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of individual life to the authority of the state.
It is a recent species of autocracy characterized by the concentration of power in a single centre (an individual dictator or a group of power holders such as a committee or a party leadership that relies on force to suppress opposition and limit social developments that might eventuate in opposition).
De Jure & De Facto 
De Jure is a government by right, lawful and legitimate, with the general support of the people and its recognition of supremacy. A de jure leader has a legal right to authority whether or not that authority can be executed.
De Facto is a government acquired by force and used from the legally constituted power and authority. It is a legal concept used to refer in reality or in practice. A de facto leader exercises power over a government but whose legitimacy is broadly rejected.