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Astronomy GCSE
Paper 1
Topic 7
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Cards (26)
What is the Earth's axis of rotation not fixed but traces out?
A circular path against the
stars
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How does the Earth's axis behave like a spinning top?
It points to different stars as it
precesses
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What are the equinoxes?
Points where the
equator
cuts the
ecliptic
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What remains unchanged despite the precession of the Earth's axis?
The
direction of north
remains north
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Where does the Earth's axis currently point?
Very close to the
star
Polaris
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What was the position of the North Celestial Pole (NCP) about 5000 years ago?
Close to the star
Thuban
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In how many years will the NCP lie near Vega?
In about
12,000
years
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What is the term for the gyroscopic wobbling of the Earth's axis?
Precession
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How long does it take for one complete rotation of precession?
Approximately
26,000
years
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Who discovered precession and when?
Hipparchus of Bithynia
in
c. 150 BCE
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What did Hipparchus compare to discover precession?
His star charts with older
Babylonian
charts
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How much did Hipparchus find the stars' positions shifted?
Around 2° in ~200
years
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What is the tilt of the Earth's axis to the vertical?
23½°
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What happens to the Earth's axis after half a period of precession?
It remains tilted at
23½°
but shifts position
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What is the rate of shift of the Earth's axis per century?
About
1.4°
per century
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What causes the precession of the Earth's axis?
Gravitational forces
from the
Sun
and
Moon
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What was one of the first suggestions about precession?
It was a consequence of
gravitation
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How has the position of the NCP changed in the last 5000 years?
From close to
Thuban
to close to
Polaris
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What is the current position of the NCP?
Close to
Polaris
(
α UMi
)
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What will happen to the First Point of Aries in the future?
It will enter the constellation of
Aquarius
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What is the First Point of Aries?
The point where the
celestial equator
cuts the
ecliptic
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How has the alignment of ancient monuments been affected by precession?
They are misaligned with particular
stars
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What can archaeoastronomers determine from the misalignment of ancient monuments?
The age of the monument
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Which ancient monuments are associated with Orion's Belt?
The
Great Pyramids
at Giza and
Stonehenge
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What remains aligned in ancient monuments despite precession?
Alignment
with the Sun at key dates
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What has changed regarding the dates of solstices in ancient monuments?
The
dates
of the
solstices
have
slowly
changed
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