LA 1

• What is the locomotor apparatus composed of?

  Sclerotome, myotome, dermatome
• What does the sclerotome refer to?

  Bone and cartilage
• What is the myotome responsible for?

  Muscle development
• What does the dermatome refer to?

  Skin and subcutaneous tissue
• What are congenital disorders related to the locomotor apparatus?

  • Arthrogryposis: multiple joint contractures and muscle weakness
  • Ectromelia
  • Radial hemimelia: absence of the radius
• What characterizes arthrogryposis?

  Multiple joint contractures and muscle weakness
• What is radial hemimelia?

  Absence of the radius
• What are the functions of the locomotor apparatus?

  Body movements, organ protection, mineral reserve
• What is the role of bone marrow?

  Hematopoiesis
• What components make up the locomotor apparatus?

  Skeleton, muscles, arteries, nerves
• What does the skeleton consist of?

  Bones, joints, ligaments
• What is osteology?

  The study of the skeleton and bony structures
• What are the classifications of bones?

  Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
• What is the primary function of bone marrow?

  Blood cell production
• What are the two types of bone tissue?

  Compact and spongy
• What is bone ossification?

  The process of bone formation

  
• When does bone ossification begin?

  Between the sixth and seventh weeks of embryonic development

  
• What are the two types of primary ossification?

  Intramembranous and endochondral

  
• What is intramembranous ossification?

  Direct conversion of mesenchymal tissue to bone

  
• What is endochondral ossification?

  Transformation of cartilage into bone

  
• What happens during secondary ossification?

  Cartilage in epiphyses grows, forming ossification centers

  
• What is bone remodeling?

  The process of forming and dissolving bone tissue

  
• What are the four types of bone cells?

  Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, osteoprogenitor cells

  
• What is the role of osteoblasts?

  Form new bone

  
• What do osteoclasts do?

  Resorb bone

  
• What is the function of osteocytes?

  Maintain bone and store minerals
• What is articular cartilage?

  Specialized connective tissue for smooth articulation
• What is the function of epiphyseal cartilage?

  Responsible for longitudinal growth of long bones
• What is the periosteum?

  Protective fibrous layer around bones
• What are the two layers of the periosteum?

  External fibrous layer and internal cellular layer
• What is the difference between red and yellow bone marrow?

  Red marrow produces blood cells; yellow stores fat
• What is the role of vessels in the locomotor apparatus?

  Transport nutrients and sensory information
• What is arthrology?

  The study of joints and their movement
• How are joints classified?

  Immovable, slightly movable, freely movable
• What are fibrous joints?

  Immovable joints connected by fibrous tissue
• What is a suture joint?

  A fibrous joint found in the skull
• What is a syndesmosis joint?

  Fibrous joint with a ligament connection
• What is a gomphosis joint?

  Joint between tooth roots and jawbone
• What are cartilaginous joints?

  Immovable joints connected by cartilage
• What is a synchondrosis joint?

  Cartilaginous joint with hyaline cartilage