neurotransmitter

• What is the primary function of a chemical synapse?

  It allows communication between two neurons.
• What happens when a nerve impulse arrives at the terminal bulb of the presynaptic neuron?

  Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft.
• How do neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic neuron?

  They bind to receptors, triggering a change in membrane potential.
• What occurs if the change in membrane potential is strong enough in the postsynaptic neuron?

  A new nerve impulse is induced in the postsynaptic neuron.
• What is the role of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

  • Allow neurons to communicate
  • Transmit signals throughout the nervous system
• What is the abbreviation for Acetylcholine?

  Ach
• What is the function of Norepinephrine (NE)?

  It increases cardiac contraction.
• What is the abbreviation for Epinephrine?

  EPE
• What type of muscle does the Somatic Nervous System control?

  Skeletal muscle
• How does the Somatic Nervous System transmit nerve signals?

  Through somatic motor neurons from the spinal cord.
• What neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

  Acetylcholine (Ach)
• What type of muscle does the Autonomic Nervous System control?

  Smooth and cardiac muscle
• How does the Autonomic Nervous System transmit nerve signals?

  Through preganglionic neurons that connect to autonomic ganglia.
• What type of neurons are Cholinergic neurons?

  Neurons that release Acetylcholine (Ach)
• What type of neurons are Adrenergic neurons?

  Neurons that release Norepinephrine (NA)
• Which neurons are Cholinergic in the Somatic Nervous System?

  All neurons
• Which neurons are Cholinergic in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

  All preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
• What is the exception regarding postganglionic neurons in the Sympathetic Nervous System?

  Almost all are adrenergic, except for a few cholinergic ones.
• What are the effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

  • Increases heart rate
  • Constricts blood vessels
  • Dilates pupils
  • Increases sweat gland activity
• What are the effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

  • Decreases heart rate
  • Stimulates digestion
  • Constricts pupils
• What is the role of Choline acetyltransferase in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

  It synthesizes Acetylcholine from Acetyl-CoA and Choline.
• What is the synthesis pathway for Norepinephrine in the Sympathetic Nervous System?

  Tyrosine → L-Dopa → Dopamine → Norepinephrine
• What happens to Norepinephrine after its release?

  It undergoes re-uptake.
• What happens to Dopamine after its release?

  It undergoes re-uptake and degradation.
• What are the types of Cholinergic receptors?

  • Muscarinic (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5)
  • Nicotinic (N1, N2, N3)
• What are the types of Adrenergic receptors?

  • Alpha (α1, α2)
  • Beta (β1, β2, β3)
• What is the effect of Cholinergic receptors on muscle contraction?

  They increase calcium ion concentration.
• What is the effect of Adrenergic receptors on vasodilation?

  They increase cAMP concentration.
• How do the effects of Alpha and Beta adrenergic receptors differ?

  Alpha receptors primarily cause vasoconstriction, while Beta receptors can increase heart rate.
• What is the primary function of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

  To prepare the body for 'fight or flight' responses.
• What is the primary function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

  To promote rest and digestion.
• What is the role of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS)?

  It controls gastrointestinal functions.
• What is the relationship between the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Enteric Nervous System?

  The Sympathetic Nervous System can inhibit gastrointestinal activity.
• How does the structure of preganglionic and postganglionic neurons differ in the Autonomic Nervous System?

  Preganglionic neurons are mostly myelinated, while postganglionic neurons are non-myelinated.
• What is the effect of the Sympathetic Nervous System on sweat glands?

  It stimulates sweat gland activity.
• What is the effect of the Sympathetic Nervous System on blood vessels?

  It constricts blood vessels.
• What is the effect of the Sympathetic Nervous System on the pupil?

  It dilates the pupil.
• What is the effect of the Sympathetic Nervous System on the liver?

  It stimulates glucose release.
• What is the effect of the Parasympathetic Nervous System on heart rate?

  It decreases heart rate.
• What is the effect of the Parasympathetic Nervous System on digestion?

  It stimulates digestion.