drugs discovery

• What is the somatic nervous system associated with?

  Voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles

  
• What types of movements does the somatic nervous system control?

  Movements of arms, legs, and other body parts
• How many neurons connect the somatic motor neuron to the brain?

  One neuron

  
• What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

  Involuntary physiological processes
• What are the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

  Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

  
• How many neurons connect the autonomic nervous system to the brain?

  Two neurons
• What is a ganglion?

  A collection of neuronal bodies in the PNS
• What is the function of ganglia in the nervous system?

  They act as synaptic relay stations between neurons
• How do the functions and receptors differ between the voluntary and involuntary systems?

  The function, activation, and receptors vary significantly
• What neurotransmitter is associated with the somatic nervous system?

  Acetylcholine (ACh)

  
• What are the subtypes of acetylcholine receptors?

  Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
• What type of receptors do nicotinic receptors affect?

  Skeletal muscle and ganglion
• What type of receptors do muscarinic receptors affect?

  Smooth muscle, cardiac, and glands
• What are adrenergic receptors also known as?

  Adreno-receptors
• How are adrenergic receptors classified?

  As alpha or beta receptors
• What is the effect of alpha-1 adrenergic receptors?

  Vasoconstriction
• What is the effect of beta-1 adrenergic receptors?

  Tachycardia
• What is the effect of beta-2 adrenergic receptors?

  Vasodilation
• What are the four groups of drugs acting on the neuromuscular junction level?

  • Anticholinergic
  • Anticholinesterase
  • Neuromuscular blockers
  • Local anesthetics

  
• What is the role of anticholinergic agents?

  They block the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
• How are anticholinergic agents classified?

  According to the receptors they affect
• What are antimuscarinic agents?

  Agents that operate on muscarinic receptors
• What is the effect of anticholinergic agents on the parasympathetic nervous system?

  They inhibit its functions

  
• What is an example of an anticholinergic agent?

  Atropine
• What is the effect of anticholinergic agents on heart rate?

  They produce tachycardia
• What is the effect of anticholinergic agents on bronchial secretion?

  They limit respiratory and GI tract gland secretion
• What is the role of anticholinesterase agents?

  They inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme
• What is the effect of anticholinesterase agents on acetylcholine?

  They prolong its existence after release
• What are the effects of anticholinesterase agents?

  Bradycardia, high salivation, increased intestinal mobility
• What is an example of an anticholinesterase agent?

  Pyridostigmine
• What is the mechanism of action of depolarizing neuromuscular blockers?

  They depolarize the motor end plate

  
• What is an example of a depolarizing neuromuscular blocker?

  Succinylcholine

  
• What is the effect of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blockers?

  They cause muscle paralysis

  
• What is an example of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker?

  Curare

  
• How do local anesthetics block nerve impulses?

  By affecting the influx of ions through transmembrane channels
• What is an example of a local anesthetic?

  Lidocaine
• What is the effect of local anesthetics on sodium channels?

  They block Na+ channels
• What is the result of blocking Na+ channels with local anesthetics?

  Failure to reach the action potential threshold
• What are the types of local anesthesia techniques?

  • Topical anaesthesia
  • Infiltration
  • Plexus block
  • Epidural block
  • Spinal anaesthesia
• What are the effects of anticholinergic agents on the body?

  • Produce tachycardia
  • Produce bronchodilatation
  • Limit respiratory and GI tract gland secretion
  • Reduce GI tract mobility
  • Produce mydriasis