Respiration

• What is bioenergetics primarily concerned with?

  Bioenergetics is concerned with respiration and exercise.
• Why is respiration important in living organisms?

  Respiration is important because it releases energy from glucose for use by the body.
• What are the two types of respiration?

  The two types of respiration are aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
• What changes occur in respiration during exercise?

  During exercise, the rate of respiration increases to meet energy demands.
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  The equation for aerobic respiration is glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water.
• What is produced during anaerobic respiration in animals?

  Lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration in animals.
• How does anaerobic respiration differ in plants and yeast compared to animals?

  In plants and yeast, anaerobic respiration produces alcohol and carbon dioxide, while in animals it produces lactic acid.
• What is fermentation in the context of anaerobic respiration?

  Fermentation is anaerobic respiration in yeast cells, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide.
• What happens to the body during vigorous exercise regarding oxygen supply?

  During vigorous exercise, muscles may not receive enough oxygen, leading to anaerobic respiration.
• What is oxygen debt?

  Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen needed after exercise to remove lactic acid from the cells.
• Where is lactic acid broken down after exercise?

  Lactic acid is broken down in the liver after exercise.
• What is metabolism?

  Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or in the body.
• What role do enzymes play in metabolism?

  Enzymes control the chemical reactions that occur during metabolism.
• What are some uses of energy transferred by respiration?

  Energy is used to build larger molecules, for movement, and to maintain body temperature.
• What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

  The word equation for aerobic respiration is glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy.
• What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

  The symbol equation for aerobic respiration is $C₆H₁₂O₆ +$$6O₂ → 6CO₂ +$$6H₂O +$$\text{energy}$.
• Why do muscle cells have many mitochondria?

  Muscle cells have many mitochondria to produce energy for contraction.
• What is glycogen and its role in muscles?

  Glycogen is a carbohydrate stored in muscles that can be rapidly converted to glucose for energy during exercise.
• How does the body respond to increased energy demands during exercise?

  The body increases heart rate, breathing rate, and breath volume to supply more oxygen and glucose to muscles.
• What happens to carbon dioxide levels during exercise?

  During exercise, more carbon dioxide is produced and needs to be removed from the muscles.
• What are the key points about cellular respiration?

  • Cellular respiration is an exothermic reaction.
  • It occurs continuously in living cells.
  • Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water.
  • Energy transferred supplies all energy needed for living processes.
• What are the differences between slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers?

  • Slow twitch fibers rely on aerobic respiration and provide endurance.
  • Fast twitch fibers rely on anaerobic respiration and are suited for sprinting.
• What is the importance of deep breathing after exercise?

  • Deep breathing helps to "pay back" the oxygen debt.
  • It allows for the removal of lactic acid from the body.
• What are the main uses of energy transferred in the body during aerobic respiration?

  • Building larger molecules
  • Movement
  • Maintaining body temperature
• What is the role of mitochondria in aerobic respiration?

  • Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration.
  • They provide a large surface area for enzymes involved in respiration.
  • The number of mitochondria in a cell depends on its energy needs.
• How can you demonstrate that respiration is taking place in living organisms?

  • Deprive the organism of food or oxygen.
  • Measure the production of carbon dioxide.
  • Observe a rise in temperature.
• What is the significance of the energy needs of a teenage boy compared to a teenage girl?

  • Teenage boys need around 11,500 kJ daily due to more muscle cells.
  • Girls need fewer kJ daily because they have less muscle mass.
• What are the waste products of aerobic respiration?

  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water
• What is the relationship between respiration and temperature regulation in the body?

  • Respiration generates heat, helping to maintain body temperature.
  • Shivering is a response to cold that increases respiration to generate heat.
• What is the importance of respiration in the transport of nutrients?

  • Respiration provides energy for active transport of nutrients.
  • It helps move materials like water and nutrients into cells.
• What are the key components of aerobic respiration?

  • Requires oxygen
  • Produces carbon dioxide and water
  • Releases energy
• What is the significance of the energy released during aerobic respiration?

  • It is used to form ATP molecules.
  • ATP provides energy for cellular processes.
• What are muscle fibers made up of?

  Protein fibers
• Why do muscle fibers contain many mitochondria?

  To produce energy for contraction
• What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

  glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
• What happens to muscle fibers during exercise?

  • They use more oxygen and glucose.
  • They contract harder and faster.
  • More energy is produced.
  • More carbon dioxide is generated.
• What happens to your heart rate during exercise?

  Your heart rate increases
• How do arteries respond during exercise?

  They dilate wider to increase blood flow
• What is glycogen converted to during exercise?

  Glucose
• What is the relationship between breathing rate and exercise?

  Breathing rate increases to supply more oxygen