Subatomic Particles

• What are the subatomic particles found in the nuclei of atoms?

  Protons and neutrons
• What is the relative mass of a proton?

  The relative mass of a proton is 1
• Where is most of the mass of an atom concentrated?

  In its nucleus
• What are the electrical charges of protons and electrons?

  Protons have a positive charge, and electrons have a negative charge
• What is the charge of neutrons?

  Neutrons are neutral
• What is the relationship between protons and electrons in terms of their charges?

  • Protons have a positive charge
  • Electrons have a negative charge
  • Their charges are equal and opposite
• What is the key fact about protons and neutrons?

  Protons are positive, and neutrons are neutral
• What are the terms used to describe the number of protons in an atom?

  Atomic number
• What is the term used to describe the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom?

  Mass number
• What are the key concepts related to atomic structure?

  • Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons
  • Protons are positively charged
  • Neutrons are neutral
  • Electrons are negatively charged
  • Atomic number = number of protons
  • Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons
• What is a molecule?

  A particle that consists of two or more atoms bonded together
• What is the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist?

  An atom
• What is an element?

  A substance made up of one type of atom
• What defines a compound?

  A substance made up of two or more types of atoms chemically bonded together
• What is a mixture?

  A combination of two or more types of atoms, compounds, and/or elements that are not chemically bonded together
• What are the key differences between elements, compounds, and mixtures?

  • Element: Made up of one type of atom.
  • Compound: Made up of two or more types of atoms chemically bonded together.
  • Mixture: Consists of two or more types of atoms, compounds, and/or elements that are not chemically bonded together.
• How are electrons distributed in an atom?

  Electrons are not evenly spread but exist in layers called shells.
• What is the maximum number of electrons in the first three electron shells?

  • 1st shell: 2 electrons
  • 2nd shell: 8 electrons
  • 3rd shell: 8 electrons
• What is the mass of an electron?

  1/1837 or almost zero
• What is the mass of a neutron?

  0
• What do atoms consist of?

  Atoms consist of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells.
• What is a proton?

  A proton is a subatomic particle with a positive charge and a relative mass of 1.
• What do isotopes of an element have in common?

  Isotopes of an element have the same atomic number.
• What is the mass number?

  The mass number is the number of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus of an atom.
• What is the relative atomic mass of an element?

  The relative atomic mass of an element is a weighted average of the masses of the atoms of the isotopes.
• How do mass numbers and relative atomic masses differ?

  Mass numbers are always whole numbers, while relative atomic masses are often rounded but not whole numbers.