the ionic model

• what is an ion bond ?


  An ionic bond is a chemical bond formed when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom. Ionic bonds are also known as electrovalent bonds.
• how is an ion bond formed?


  An ionic bond can be formed after two or more atoms loss or gain electrons to form an ion. Ionic bonds occur between metals, losing electrons, and nonmetals, gaining electrons.
• It forms when atoms of a metallic element give up electrons to atoms of a nonmetallic element. Ionic bonds form only between metals and nonmetals. That's because metals “want” to give up electrons, and nonmetals “want” to gain electrons.It takes energy to remove valence electrons from an atom and form a positive ion.
• I

  onic bonds form between two or more atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons between atoms. Electron transfer produces negative ions called anions and positive ions called cations. These ions attract each other.
• Ion charge refers to the non-zero charge state held by ions, which can be positive or negative. The charge state of an ion is an integer when it is isolated in a vacuum. Negative charge states exist for most atomic species, while positive charge states can range from 1 to the nuclear charge.
• what does this image show ?

  When a stable atom gains or loses an electron, it becomes an ion. For example, when chlorine takes an electron from sodium, and sodium gives that electron to chlorine, they become ions and form NaCl.

  
• how do you know the charge of an cation ?


  We can determine the charge of any transition metal by looking at its anion substance and anion are those substances which form negatively charged ions.
• What is the meaning of valence shell electrons?


  The outermost shell of any atom is called the valence shell and the electrons that reside in the valence shell are called valence electrons. When the valence electrons in any atom gain sufficient energy from some outside force, they can break away from the parent atom and become what are called a free electrons.
• which in negatively and positively charged ( anion and cation)?

  Cations are positively-charged ions (atoms or groups of atoms that have more protons than electrons due to having lost one or more electrons). Anions are negatively-charged ions (meaning they have more electrons than protons due to having gained one or more electrons).
• What is of lattice ions?


  Ionic bonding is the attraction between positively- and negatively-charged ions. These oppositely charged ions attract each other to form ionic networks, or lattices.

  
• What is the difference between ionic and covalent melting points?


  Ionic compounds exist in stable crystalline structures. Therefore, they have higher melting and boiling points compared to covalent compounds.
• what are binary ionic compounds ?


  A binary ionic compound is composed of ions of two different elements - one of which is a metal, and the other a nonmetal.
• What are the four rules for naming ionic compounds?

  Rules for naming simple ionic compounds.

  • Name the metal by its elemental name.
  • Name the nonmetal by its elemental name and an -ide ending.
  • Name metals that can have different oxidation states using roman numerals to indicate positive charge. Example Fe2+ is Iron(II) ... 
  • Name polyatomic ions by their names.
• How do you identify a polyatomic ion?


  The regular ion has just one element, Chlorine, in it. The polyatomic ion has two elements, Chlorine and Oxygen, in it. A good way to recognize that there are two elements in the polyatomic is to see that there are two capital letters in the ion's formula.
• What is the difference between a compound and a polyatomic ion?


  Polyatomic ion has a net electrical charge, that is they are either positively or negatively charged. On the contrary, polyatomic compounds have no net electrical charge. Polyatomic ion has two or more atoms whereas polyatomic compounds have identical molecules that have atoms of two or more elements.
• what are the 5 polyatomic ions in IB chemistry?


  ammonium, hydroxide, nitrate, hydrogencarbonate, carbonate, sulfate and phosphate
• how are polyatomic ions formed?

  Polyatomic ions are covalently bonded groups of atoms and having a positive or negative charge caused by the formation of an ionic bond with another ion. Compounds formed from such a combination of ions are polyatomic ionic compounds. But the polyatomic ion will behave as a single unit.
• Then a metal combines with a non-metal, the resulting bond is an ionic bond. The metal loses electrons and becomes positively charged and the non-metal gains electrons and becomes negatively charged. Positively charged ions are called cations, negatively charges ion are called anions.
• What is the rule of electronegativity?


  The rule is that when the electronegativity difference is greater than 2.0, the bond is considered ionic. So, let's review the rules: 1. If the electronegativity difference (usually called ΔEN) is less than 0.5, then the bond is nonpolar covalent.
• On the periodic table, electronegativity generally increases as you move from left to right across a period and decreases as you move down a group. As a result, the most electronegative elements are found on the top right of the periodic table, while the least electronegative elements are found on the bottom left.
• Elements from the halogen group including F, Cl, Br have pretty high electronegativities. The most electronegative element is Fluorine with a score of 4.0 (the highest possible.) Across from Fluorine we also have N and O with high electronegativities. Electronegativity is basically how much elements 'want' electrons.
• • Ionic compounds have high melting points.
  • Ionic compounds are hard and brittle.
  • Ionic compounds dissociate into ions when dissolved in water.
  • Solutions of ionic compounds and melted ionic compounds conduct electricity, but solid materials do not.
• How does ionization energy change down a group?


  Ionization energy decreases down a group (ie, as you move down a column in the period table). This is because the outer electrons are further away from the nucleus and hence aren't as tightly held.
• ionization energy, in chemistry and physics, the amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule. There is an ionization energy for each successive electron removed; the ionization energy associated with removal of the first (most loosely held) electron, however, is most commonly used
• In chemistry, hydration energy (also hydration enthalpy) is the amount of energy released when one mole of ions undergoes hydration. Hydration energy is one component in the quantitative analysis of solvation. It is a particular special case of water.
• What is meant by lattice enthalpy?

  The amount of energy required to completely separate one mole of the solid ionic compound into constituent gaseous ions is known as lattice enthalpy. Lattice enthalpy is a measure of the strength of an ionic compound.
• Why are smaller ions stronger?

  The strength of ionic bonding depends on ionic radius. The smaller the ions, the more closely they can be packed together in the ionic lattice. The shorter the distance between oppositely charged ions, the stronger the electrostatic forces between them and hence the stronger the ionic bond
• what are molten ionic compounds


  Ionic compounds are usually solid at room temperature and have a rigid structure, which means their ions can't move freely. As a result, ionic compounds can't conduct electricity in their solid state and can't undergo electrolysis. However, molten ionic compounds can conduct electricity as their ions are free to move
• What are electrodes in chemistry?


  An electrode is a solid electric conductor that carries electric current into non-metallic solids, or liquids, or gases, or plasmas, or vacuums. ... In an electrochemical cell, reduction and oxidation reactions take place at the electrodes.
• what is the effect of ionic radius on lattice enthalpy?

  The smaller the ion (radius) the greater the lattice enthalpy
• what is the effect of ionic charge on lattice enthalpy?


  The greater the charge the greater the lattice enthalpy
• Common Charges of Metals


  Metals in Group 1, Group 2, and Group 13 have charges of 1+, 2+, and 3+ respectively.
• what are Polyatomic Ions?


  Ions made up of more than one type of atom, often with a net charge.
• what is the Endothermic Process?


  The ΔH is always endothermic as energy is always required to break any bonds between the ions in the lattice.