Acids,,reactivity series, displacement etc

• What do strong acids produce in water?

  Protons (H+ ions)
• What is the dissociation equation for the strong acid hydrochloric acid in water?

  HCl → H+ + Cl-
• What is the dissociation equation for nitric acid in water?

  HNO3→ H+ + NO3-
• What distinguishes strong acids from weak acids?

  • Strong acids ionise completely in water.
  • Weak acids do not fully ionise; only a small proportion dissociates.
  • Weak acid ionisation is a reversible reaction, establishing equilibrium.
• What are examples of strong acids?

  Sulfuric, hydrochloric, and nitric acids
• What are examples of weak acids?

  Ethanoic, citric, and carbonic acids
• What happens during neutralisation reactions involving acids and bases?

  • Bases react with acids to form a salt and water.
  • Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are bases.
  • The specific salt produced depends on the acid and metal ion involved.
• What is the general reaction for an acid reacting with a metal oxide?

  Acid + Metal Oxide → Salt + Water
• What is the general reaction for an acid reacting with a metal hydroxide?

  Acid + Metal Hydroxide → Salt + Water
• What is produced when acids react with metal carbonates?

  A salt, water, and carbon dioxide
• How do you make soluble salts using an insoluble base?

  Mix an acid with an insoluble base until no more reacts, then filter and crystallise.
• What are the steps to make soluble salts using an insoluble base?

  1. Choose the right acid and insoluble base.
  2. Warm the dilute acid.
  3. Add the insoluble base until in excess.
  4. Filter out excess solid.
  5. Evaporate water to crystallise the salt.
• What is the reaction equation for making copper chloride from hydrochloric acid and copper oxide?

  CuO + 2HCl → CuCl₂ + H₂O
• What does the reactivity series indicate about metals?

  • Lists metals in order of reactivity.
  • Higher reactivity means easier electron loss to form positive ions.
  • More reactive metals react more vigorously with water or acids.
• What is the general reaction for metals with acids?

  Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen
• How does the speed of reaction with acids relate to metal reactivity?

  The more reactive the metal, the faster the reaction and the more hydrogen bubbles produced.
• Which metals react explosively with acids?

  Potassium, sodium, lithium, and calcium
• How can you measure the reactivity of metals with acids or water?

  By measuring the temperature change during the reaction.
• What is the reaction equation for calcium reacting with water?

  Ca + 2H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ + H₂
• What happens when metals react with water?

  • Metals react with water to form metal hydroxides and hydrogen.
  • Reactive metals like potassium, sodium, lithium, and calcium will react.
  • Less reactive metals like zinc, iron, and copper do not react with water.
• Why are most metals not found as pure lumps in the earth?

  • Metals are often found in compounds.
  • Extraction from these compounds is necessary.
  • This process requires more work.
• What is the general reaction for separating metals from metal oxides?

  Metals react with acids to produce salts and hydrogen gas.
• What does the reactivity series help determine?

  It helps determine how well a metal reacts with other substances.