Atom economy,yield,tiltrations, rates of reaction

• What is atom economy?

  It is the percentage of reactants forming useful products.
• Why is it important to be aware of atom economy in reactions?

  It allows for more efficient use of reactants and reduces waste.
• How is atom economy calculated?

  Atom economy = relative formula mass of desired products/ relative formula mass of all reactants (x100)
• What does a higher atom economy indicate?


  A higher atom economy indicates a more efficient reaction with less waste.
• What are the benefits of high atom economy?

  • Reduces waste production
  • Conserves resources
  • Increases profitability
  • Minimizes disposal costs
• Why are reactions with low atom economy not usually profitable?

  They produce a lot of waste, which incurs disposal costs.
• What is the best way to handle waste products from reactions?

  Find a use for the waste products instead of disposing of them.
• What characterizes reactions with nearly 100% atom economy?

  They only produce the desired products with minimal waste.
• How does the number of products affect atom economy?

  The fewer products produced, the higher the atom economy is likely to be.
• What is the formula for percentage yield?

  Percentage yield = mass of product actually made/ maximum theoretical mass of product (x100)
• What does a percentage yield of 100% mean?

  It means all the expected product was obtained from the reaction.
• Why is it rare to achieve a 100% yield in reactions?

  Some reactants or products are lost during the process.
• What are common reasons for not achieving 100% yield?

  Not all reactants react, side reactions occur, and product loss during separation.
• What is the purpose of titrations?

  • To analyze concentrations of solutions
  • To determine how much acid is needed to neutralize an alkali
  • To calculate the concentration of an acid or alkali
• What is the first step in performing a titration?

  Fill a burette with acid of known concentration.
• Why is it important to record the initial volume of acid in the burette during a titration?

  It allows you to calculate the volume of acid used.
• What should you do when you think the end-point of a titration is near?

  Add the acid slowly and swirl the flask regularly.
• What is the purpose of using a single indicator in titrations?

  To see a sharp change at the end-point of the reaction.
• What are the four factors that affect the rate of reaction?

  Temperature, concentration, pressure, and surface area.
• How can the rate of a reaction be measured?

  By observing how quickly reactants are used or products are formed.
• How do you calculate the mean rate of reaction from a graph?

  Mean rate = \(\frac{\text{change in y}}{\text{change in x}}\)
• How do you find the rate of reaction at a specific point on a curve?

  Draw a tangent to the curve and calculate its gradient.
• What does a tangent on a reaction rate graph represent?

  The rate of reaction at a specific point in time.
• What are the common problems that can lead to less than 100% yield?

  • Not all reactants react
  • Side reactions occur
  • Product loss during separation
• What is the significance of measuring reaction rates in the chemical industry?

  • Faster production leads to higher profits
  • Efficient processes save time and resources