MIO

• What are some key areas examined in clinical optometry?

  Visualisation & localisation of opacities
• What is assessed during the examination of the vitreous and posterior pole?

  Opacities and abnormalities in the vitreous and posterior pole
• What is examined in the mid-peripheral retina?

  Retinal health and abnormalities

  
• What is assessed during fixation testing?

  Stability and accuracy of the patient's gaze
• What does the cobalt blue filter help to identify?

  Corneal or conjunctival defects/lesions
• What does PD stand for in optometry?

  Pupillary distance
• What are the three types of ophthalmoscopy mentioned?

  Monocular direct, monocular indirect (MIO), and binocular indirect (BIO)
• What are the contrasting methods of ophthalmoscopy?

  • Direct: Virtual image, upright orientation, ~5° field of view, ~15x magnification
  • Monocular Indirect (MIO): Real image, upright orientation, ~12° field of view, ~5x magnification

  
• What is the limitation of direct ophthalmoscopy?

  It can only view up to the equator of the retina

  
• What is the limitation of monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (MIO)?

  It can view beyond the equator of the retina
• What are the key components of instrumentation in ophthalmoscopy?

  • Various sized apertures for pupil size and region
  • Fixation target for eccentric fixation measurement
  • Slit beam for highlighting contours
  • Filters: red-free, cobalt blue
  • Additional graticule/semicircle

  
• What is the purpose of the red-free filter in ophthalmoscopy?

  To differentiate pigment/naevus from blood and visualize nerve fiber layer
• How does a choroidal naevus appear compared to a retinal naevus?

  A choroidal naevus may 'disappear', while a retinal naevus stays the same
• What is the systematic procedure for evaluating the fundus?

  Evaluate optic nerve, follow blood vessels outward, then examine macula
• How does myopia affect the appearance of the fundus image?

  The image appears slightly larger for myopic patients

  
• What is a potential problem if the fundus image cannot be focused?

  It may be due to uncorrected high refractive error or astigmatism
• What should be done if there is insufficient field of view during examination?

  Move closer to the patient and hold the ophthalmoscope closer to the eye
• What can be done if the fundus cannot be visualized?

  Check alignment and hold the patient's lids if necessary
• How can the macula be visualized if it is not visible initially?

  Direct the patient to look at the top edge of the light
• What should be done if excessive reflections are observed during examination?

  Check alignment and tilt the ophthalmoscope
• What are the benefits of using binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO)?

  • Increased field of view of the retina
  • Less dependence on patient’s refractive error
  • Greater comfort for the patient
  • Useful for uncooperative children
  • Preferred for fundus screening
• What color is the normal fundus background?

  Red/yellow with a pinkish tinge
• What does the ISNT rule refer to in optic nerve evaluation?

  It refers to the expected order of the neuroretinal rim thickness: Inferior, Superior, Nasal, Temporal
• What is the significance of the cup-to-disc ratio?

  A cup-to-disc ratio greater than 0.5 may indicate glaucoma
• What is the appearance of veins compared to arteries in the fundus?


  Veins are darker red compared to arteries

  
• What does RNFL stand for?

  Retinal nerve fiber layer
• What is the appearance of the macula during examination?

  The macula appears darker than the surrounding retina
• What is the significance of spontaneous venous pulsation during examination?

  It indicates normal venous pressure in the eye
• What should be recorded during a fundus examination?

  • Eye examined: R, L, or OU
  • Dilated or undilated
  • Type of examination: Direct, fundus lens, BIO, MIO
  • Clarity of vitreous and media
  • C:D ratio, lamina cribosa visibility
  • NRR color and ISNT rule
  • A/V ratio and calibre
  • RNFL observations
  • Macula reflex and changes