Chapter 11: The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

• What is the main concept of Chapter 11 in the study material?

  The Cell Cycle and Cell Division
• What are the key concepts covered in Chapter 11?

  • All Cells Derive from Other Cells
  • The Eukaryotic Cell Division Cycle Is Regulated
  • Eukaryotic Cells Divide by Mitosis
  • Cell Division Plays Important Roles in the Sexual Life Cycle
  • Meiosis Leads to the Formation of Gametes
  • Cell Death Is Important in Living Organisms
  • Unregulated Cell Division Can Lead to Cancer
• Who was the first human to have cells grown in the laboratory?

  Henrietta Lacks
• What are "HeLa" cells?

  Cells derived from Henrietta Lacks that are used in research
• What are the four main events in all organisms during cell division?

  Cell division signals, DNA replication, DNA segregation, and cytokinesis
• How does cell division differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

  They occur differently in terms of mechanisms and structures involved
• What is the process of cell division in prokaryotes called?

  Binary fission
• What typically signals cell division in prokaryotes?

  External factors such as nutrient concentration and environmental conditions
• How many chromosomes do prokaryotes typically have?

  One chromosome
• What are the two important regions in prokaryotic DNA replication?

  ori (origin) and ter (terminus)
• What happens during DNA segregation in prokaryotes?

  ori regions move to opposite ends of the cell
• What occurs during cytokinesis in prokaryotes?

  The cell membrane pinches in and new cell wall materials are synthesized
• How do eukaryotic cells differ in DNA replication compared to prokaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotes have more than one chromosome
• What is the role of mitosis in eukaryotic cell division?

  Mitosis separates chromosomes into two new nuclei
• What are the phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

  Interphase and M phase
• What are the subphases of interphase?

  G1, S, and G2
• What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

  Chromosomes are single and unreplicated
• What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

  DNA replicates and sister chromatids remain together
• What is the role of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in the cell cycle?

  They control the cell cycle by catalyzing phosphorylation
• What is the function of growth factors in the cell cycle?

  They activate signal transduction pathways
• What are the proteins that hold sister chromatids together during G2?

  Cohesins
• What is the role of condensins during mitosis?


  They coat DNA molecules and make them more compact
• What is the outcome of mitosis?

  Production of two genetically identical nuclei
• What are the phases of mitosis?

  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
• What is asexual reproduction based on?

  Mitosis
• How do offspring produced by sexual reproduction differ from their parents?

  They are not identical to the parents
• What are gametes?

  Eggs or sperm cells created by meiosis
• What is the chromosome number in gametes?

  Haploid (n)
• What happens during fertilization?

  Two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote
• What is meiosis?

  Two nuclear divisions with DNA replicated only once
• What is the result of meiosis I?

  Two haploid nuclei with half of the original chromosomes
• What occurs during Prophase I of meiosis?

  Homologous chromosomes pair by adhering along their lengths
• What are chiasmata?

  Regions of attachment that form between nonsister chromatids
• What are the key roles of cell division in organisms?

  • Growth and development
  • Tissue repair
  • Asexual reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction
• What is the process that leads to the formation of gametes?

  Meiosis
• How many nuclear divisions occur during meiosis?

  Two nuclear divisions
• What is the chromosome number reduction in meiosis?

  From diploid (2n) to haploid (n)
• What does meiosis ensure for each haploid product?

  Each haploid product has a complete set of chromosomes
• What is one of the key outcomes of meiosis?

  It generates genetic diversity among the products
• In which type of cells can meiosis occur?

  Only in diploid cells