2.1

• What is the main focus of the DP IB Chemistry SL section 2.1?


  Atomic and electronic structure
• What are the main topics covered in section 2.1 of DP IB Chemistry SL?

  • The Nuclear Atom
  • Deducing Subatomic Particles
  • Relative Atomic Mass Calculations
  • The Electromagnetic Spectrum
  • Emission Spectra
  • Energy Levels & Sublevels
  • Sublevels & Orbitals
  • Writing Electron Configurations
• Where is the mass of an atom concentrated?

  In the nucleus
• Why is the mass of the electron considered negligible?


  Because it is much smaller than that of protons and neutrons
• What charge does the nucleus of an atom have?


  Positively charged
• What holds an atom together?

  The electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and electrons
• What are the three types of subatomic particles?


  Protons, neutrons, and electrons
• How are the masses and charges of subatomic particles measured?


  They are compared to each other as relative atomic masses and charges
• What is the relative mass assigned to protons and neutrons?


  1
• How much smaller is an electron compared to a proton or neutron?


  1836 times smaller
• What is the charge of a single electron?


  • 1.602189 x 10$-19$ coulombs
• What is the atomic number (Z)?


  The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
• How does the atomic number relate to a neutral atom?


  It is equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom
• If lithium has an atomic number of 3, how many protons and electrons does it have?


  3 protons and 3 electrons
• What is the mass number (A)?


  The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
• How can you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?


  Number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number
• What are nucleons?


  Protons and neutrons
• What are isotopes?


  Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
• How is an isotope represented?


  By writing the chemical symbol followed by a dash and the mass number
• What is the atomic structure of carbon-12 and carbon-14?


  Carbon-12 has 6 neutrons, and carbon-14 has 8 neutrons
• What is the charge of a neutral atom?


  Neutral, with no overall charge
• How do ions differ from neutral atoms?


  Ions have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a charge
• What determines the element of an atom?

  The atomic number
• How do you calculate the number of protons in an unknown element with a mass number of 63 and 34 neutrons?


  Number of protons = 63 - 34 = 29
• How many protons does a magnesium ion (Mg$^{2+}$) have?


  12 protons
• How many electrons does a neutral carbon atom have?


  6 electrons
• How many electrons does a magnesium ion (Mg$^{2+}$) have?


  10 electrons
• How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?


  By subtracting the number of protons from the mass number
• How many neutrons does a magnesium ion (Mg$^{2+}$) with a mass number of 24 have?


  12 neutrons
• How many neutrons does a carbon atom with a mass number of 12 have?


  6 neutrons
• What is the relative atomic mass of an element based on isotopes?


  It is the average mass of all isotopes of that element
• How do you calculate the relative atomic mass using percentage abundance?


  Multiply the percentage abundance by the mass of each isotope and divide by 100
• What is the relative atomic mass of oxygen to 2 decimal places?


  16.00
• What does the electromagnetic spectrum represent?


  A range of frequencies covering all electromagnetic radiation
• Why is the electromagnetic spectrum important in analytical chemistry?


  It helps in understanding the relationship between frequency, wavelength, and energy
• What does the electromagnetic spectrum show?


  The relationship between frequency, wavelength, and energy
• What is frequency in the context of the electromagnetic spectrum?


  The number of waves that pass a point in a given time
• What is the result of $0.44 \div 100$ to two decimal places?


  0.0044
• How do you calculate the total mass of 100 atoms of boron using its mass spectrum?


  Total mass = (19.9 x 10) + (80.1 x 11) = 1080.1
• What is the electromagnetic spectrum and its significance in analytical chemistry?


  • A range of frequencies covering all electromagnetic radiation
  • Important for analytical chemistry
  • Shows relationship between frequency, wavelength, and energy