Anatomy (cvs the blood) t3

• What is the primary function of blood in the cardiovascular system?


  Transporting oxygen and nutrients, regulating body temperature, and protecting against infection
• What are the main functions of blood?


  • Distribution of O2 and nutrients
  • Regulation of body temperature and pH
  • Protection against blood loss and infection
• What does blood transport from the lungs?

  Oxygen
• What does blood transport from cells to the lungs?

  Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
• How does blood help in regulating body temperature?


  By absorbing and distributing heat
• What role does blood play in maintaining normal pH in body tissues?


  It uses buffer systems to regulate pH
• What is the volume percentage of plasma in blood?


  55%
• What is the normal range of white blood cells per μL?


  5,000–10,000
• What are the components of blood?

  • Plasma (55%)
  • Red blood cells (45%)
  • Buffy coat (white blood cells and platelets)
• What is the typical number of red blood cells per μL?


  1. 8–5.4 million
• What percentage of blood is made up of formed elements?


  45%
• What is the primary function of erythrocytes?


  Transporting oxygen
• What are the stages of hematopoiesis?


  1. Cell renewal
  2. Proliferation
  3. Differentiation
  4. Maturation
• What is the role of erythropoietin in erythropoiesis?


  It stimulates the production of red blood cells
• What happens to the nucleus of a red blood cell as it matures?


  It disappears
• What are the types of hemoglobin and their functions?


  • Oxyhemoglobin: Hb bound to oxygen
  • Deoxyhemoglobin: Reduced Hb after oxygen release
  • Carbaminohemoglobin: Hb bound to carbon dioxide
  • Methemoglobin: Oxidized Hb (Fe3+)
  • Carboxyhemoglobin: Hb bound to carbon monoxide
• What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?


  About 120 days
• What are the stages of hemostasis?


  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation
  4. Clot retraction
  5. Fibrinolysis

  
• What is the ultimate goal of the coagulation pathway?


  To produce thrombin
• What are the categories of hemostasis?

  • Primary Hemostasis: Vascular system, platelets
  • Secondary Hemostasis: Coagulation system, plasma proteins
• What are the blood types in the ABO blood group system?


  Type A, Type B, Type AB, Type O
• What is the significance of Rh factor in pregnancy?


  It can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) if an Rh- mother has an Rh+ fetus
• What is the function of antibodies in blood plasma?


  To identify and neutralize foreign invaders
• What are the components of blood plasma?


  • Water (91.5%)
  • Proteins (7%)
  • Other solutes (1.5%)
• What is the main component of hemoglobin?

  Globin
• How does hemoglobin bind to oxygen?


  It binds reversibly to oxygen through iron in heme groups
• How does the structure of red blood cells facilitate their function?


  The biconcave shape increases surface area for gas exchange
• What is the role of transferrin in iron transportation?

  It transports iron in the bloodstream
• What happens to iron after red blood cell death?


  It is reused for protein synthesis or stored
• What is the function of platelets in hemostasis?


  To form a platelet plug and initiate clotting
• What is the role of fibrin in blood clotting?


  It forms a mesh that stabilizes the clot
• What is the function of the complement proteins in blood?


  To assist in the immune response against infections
• How does the body prevent blood loss?

  By activating plasma proteins and initiating clot formation
• What is the appearance of centrifuged blood?


  It has plasma on top, formed elements in the middle, and red blood cells at the bottom
• What is the significance of the buffy coat in blood?


  It contains white blood cells and platelets
• What is the role of macrophages in the life cycle of red blood cells?


  They phagocytize dead red blood cells
• What is the process of blood clot dissolution called?

  Fibrinolysis
• How do the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways differ in hemostasis?


  The intrinsic pathway is activated by blood trauma, while the extrinsic pathway is activated by tissue trauma
• What is the function of the ABO blood group system?


  To classify blood types based on the presence of antigens
• What happens during the first pregnancy of an Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus?


  The mother may produce anti-Rh antibodies, but it usually does not affect the first pregnancy