Anatomy (cvs the heart) topic 3

• Where is the heart located?


  In the mediastinum, between the sternum and vertebral column
• What is the apex of the heart?


  The tip of the left ventricle
• What is the base of the heart?

  The posterior surface of the heart
• What is the anterior surface of the heart?


  The surface deep to the sternum and ribs
• What is the inferior surface of the heart?


  The surface between the apex and right border
• Which border of the heart faces the right lung?

  The right border
• Which border of the heart is known as the pulmonary border?


  The left border
• What is the pericardium?


  A membrane surrounding and protecting the heart
• What is the function of the pericardium?


  It confines the heart while allowing free movement
• What are the two main parts of the pericardium?


  Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium
• What is the fibrous pericardium made of?


  Tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue
• What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?


  It prevents overstretching, provides protection, and serves as an anchorage
• What is the serous pericardium?


  A thinner, more delicate membrane surrounding the heart
• What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?


  Parietal layer and visceral layer (epicardium)
• What is the role of pericardial fluid?


  It reduces friction between the heart and pericardium
• What are the layers of the heart wall?

  Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
• What is the epicardium?


  The external layer of the heart wall, also known as the visceral layer of serous pericardium
• What is the myocardium?


  It is composed of cardiac muscle and makes up 95% of the heart
• What is the endocardium?


  The inner layer of the heart wall that lines the chambers and valves
• How many atria are in the heart?


  Two atria
• How many ventricles are in the heart?


  Two ventricles
• What are auricles in the heart?


  They are extensions that increase the capacity of the atria
• What are sulci in the heart?


  Grooves that contain coronary blood vessels
• What is the coronary sulcus?


  A groove that encircles most of the heart and separates the atria from the ventricles
• What does the anterior interventricular sulcus separate?


  The right and left ventricles
• What does the posterior interventricular sulcus distinguish?


  The right and left ventricles
• What does the right atrium receive blood from?


  The superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
• What is the fossa ovalis?


  A remnant of the foramen ovale located in the interatrial septum
• Through which valve does blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

  The tricuspid valve
• What forms the anterior surface of the heart?


  The right ventricle
• What are trabeculae carneae?


  Ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers in the right ventricle
• What is the function of chordae tendinae?


  They connect the tricuspid valve to the papillary muscles
• What is the interventricular septum?


  The wall that separates the right and left ventricles
• Through which valve does blood leave the right ventricle?

  The pulmonary valve
• Where does blood go after leaving the pulmonary valve?


  Into the pulmonary trunk and then to the right and left pulmonary arteries
• How thick is the left atrium compared to the right atrium?


  About the same thickness
• From where does the left atrium receive blood?


  From the lungs through pulmonary veins
• Through which valve does blood pass from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

  The bicuspid (mitral) valve
• What is the thickest chamber of the heart?


  The left ventricle
• What does the left ventricle do after receiving blood?


  It pumps blood through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta