CHAPTER 1

• Pragmatics - study of the effect of context on meaning; it is about use of language
• Discourse - refers to "a unit of language longer than a simple sentence"
• Argumentation - meant to convince an audience that the speaker or writer is correct, using evidence and reason.
• Narration - tells a story, often with emotion and emphaty involved.
• Description - relies on the five senses to help the audience value something.
• Exposition - used to inform the audience of something with relatively neutral language, that is, it is not meant to persuade or evoke emotion.
• Expressive - consists of those acts of literary writing that is creative, yet non-fiction. E.g. memoirs, letters, or online blogs.
• Poetic - composed of creative, fictional writing. Prioritize emotion, imagery, theme, and character development, metaphor, symbolism. E.g. novels, poems, drama.
• Transactional - used to move something into action, such as advertising motivating customers to buy. It does not rely much on literary devices.
• Spoken and written discourse differ in terms of grammatical intricacy, lexical density, nominalization, explicitness, contextualization, spontaneity, and repetition, hesitation, and redundancy.
• Grammatical intricacy - more structurally complex & more elaborate (long & more sentences) / less complex & elaborate in terms of structures (short & simples sentences)
• Lexical density - more lexically dense / less lexically dense
• Explicitness - more explicit / more implicit
• • Contextualization more decontextualized / more attached to context
• Spontaneity - organized & grammatical / lacks organization; ungrammatical
• Repetition, hesitation, and redundancy - less repetitive & redundant / contains more repetition, hesitation, and redundancy.
• • social meaning and utterance tell us about the social identity of the speaker. It tells us more information about the speaker than about the referent
• affective meaning - expresses the emotions of the speaker.