1.8.2 Interpreting Data

• What does the term 'mean' refer to in statistics?

  Average value
• The median is the middle
• What is the mode in statistics?

  Most frequent value
• The range is calculated by adding the highest and lowest values.

  False
• What does standard deviation measure?

  Dispersion of data
• Incidence is the rate of new cases
• What is the formula for incidence?

  $Incidence =$$\frac{\text{Number of new cases}}{\text{Total population at risk}} \times 1000$
• What does prevalence measure in epidemiology?

  Affected population proportion
• Incidence measures new cases, while prevalence measures new and existing cases.
• Match the epidemiological measure with its definition:

  Incidence ↔️ Rate of new cases

  Prevalence ↔️ Proportion of affected population

  Morbidity ↔️ State of being diseased

  Mortality ↔️ Death rate
• What are the two main types of epidemiological data?

  Qualitative and quantitative
• Qualitative data is often collected through interviews
• What type of data is numerical and measurable?

  Quantitative data
• Qualitative data is used to quantify patterns and trends.

  False
• What does the mean represent in statistics?

  Average value
• The median is the middle
• Match the statistical measure with its definition:

  Mean ↔️ Average value

  Median ↔️ Middle value

  Mode ↔️ Most frequent value

  Range ↔️ Difference between highest and lowest values

  Standard Deviation ↔️ Measure of dispersion
• Arrange the following types of graphs based on their primary use in epidemiology:

  1️⃣ Bar Chart: Compares discrete categories

  2️⃣ Line Graph: Shows trends over time

  3️⃣ Pie Chart: Displays proportions of a whole
• What type of graph compares discrete categories?

  Bar Chart
• Bar charts use bars of varying heights
• What type of graph shows trends over time?

  Line Graph
• Pie charts display proportions of a whole, adding up to 100%.
• Match the graph type with its primary use:

  Bar Chart ↔️ Compares prevalence across categories

  Line Graph ↔️ Tracks incidence rates over time

  Pie Chart ↔️ Illustrates distribution of disease types
• Statistical measures and epidemiological measures are essential for analyzing tables and numerical data.
• What is the calculation for the mean?

  $Mean =$$\frac{\sum x}{n}$
• The median is the middle value
• What is the mode in statistical terms?

  Most frequent value
• The median is always equal to the mean in a normal distribution.

  False
• Match the statistical measure with its definition:

  Mean ↔️ Average value

  Median ↔️ Middle value

  Mode ↔️ Most frequent value
• Incidence is calculated as the number of new cases divided by the total population at risk.
• What is the formula for calculating prevalence?

  $Prevalence =$$\frac{\text{Number of existing cases}}{\text{Total population}} \times 1000$
• If the incidence of a disease is 50 per 1000 and the prevalence is 100 per 1000, it indicates that there are both new and existing cases.
• Arrange the steps to analyze numerical data using statistical and epidemiological measures:

  1️⃣ Define the statistical measures

  2️⃣ Calculate the statistical measures

  3️⃣ Define the epidemiological measures

  4️⃣ Calculate the epidemiological measures

  5️⃣ Interpret the results
• The risk ratio, also known as relative risk, compares the risk in an exposed group to the risk in an unexposed group.
• What is the median in a dataset?

  Middle value
• The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a dataset.
• The incidence of a disease is calculated as the number of new cases divided by the total population at risk
• What does prevalence measure in epidemiology?

  Affected population proportion
• If the incidence of a disease is 50 per 1000 people and the prevalence is 100 per 1000 people, there are existing cases and new cases occurring.
• The risk ratio is calculated as the risk in the exposed group divided by the risk in the unexposed group.