2.3.2 Translation

• $\text{Translation}$ is the process where the genetic code in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins
• Translation primarily occurs in the nucleus.

  False
• Match the component with its role in translation:

  Ribosomes ↔️ Protein synthesis machinery

  mRNA ↔️ Carries genetic code

  tRNA ↔️ Transfers amino acids

  Amino Acids ↔️ Building blocks of proteins
• The initiator tRNA in translation carries the amino acid methionine
• Steps in the initiation of translation:

  1️⃣ Small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA

  2️⃣ Initiator tRNA pairs with AUG

  3️⃣ Large ribosomal subunit joins
• The initiation complex ensures accurate alignment for protein synthesis.
• Match the term with its description in translation initiation:

  Start Codon ↔️ AUG

  Initiator tRNA ↔️ Carries methionine

  Small Ribosomal Subunit ↔️ Binds to mRNA
• tRNA molecules carry specific amino acids and match codons on mRNA.
• Match the component with its role in translation:

  Ribosomes ↔️ Protein synthesis machinery

  mRNA ↔️ Carries genetic code

  tRNA ↔️ Transfers amino acids

  Amino Acids ↔️ Building blocks of proteins
• What does the small ribosomal subunit bind to during translation initiation?

  mRNA
• During translation initiation, a tRNA molecule carrying methionine recognizes the start codon AUG
• Steps involved in the initiation of translation

  1️⃣ The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA.

  2️⃣ A tRNA molecule carrying methionine recognizes the start codon AUG.
• The large ribosomal subunit joins the small subunit to form a complete initiation complex.
• What signals the start of protein synthesis in translation?

  Start codon AUG
• Elongation is the phase of translation where the polypeptide chain is built by adding amino acids one by one
• During elongation, the ribosome moves along the mRNA, reading each codon sequentially.
• What signal stops the elongation process in translation?

  Stop codon
• The ribosome encounters a stop codon such as UAA, UAG, or UGA
• Steps involved in the termination of translation

  1️⃣ Release factors bind to the stop codon.

  2️⃣ The ribosomal complex disassembles.

  3️⃣ The polypeptide chain is released into the cytoplasm.

  4️⃣ The ribosomal subunits separate.
• Match the components of translation with their roles:

  Ribosomes ↔️ Protein synthesis machinery

  mRNA ↔️ Carries genetic code

  tRNA ↔️ Transfers amino acids

  Amino Acids ↔️ Building blocks of proteins
• The initiator tRNA in translation carries the amino acid methionine
• Steps involved in the initiation of translation

  1️⃣ The small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA at the start codon AUG.

  2️⃣ An initiator tRNA carrying methionine pairs with the start codon.

  3️⃣ The large ribosomal subunit joins to complete the initiation complex.
• What does the ribosome read during the elongation phase of translation?

  Codons
• The ribosome encounters a stop codon such as UAA, UAG, or UGA
• Steps involved in the termination of translation

  1️⃣ Release factors bind to the stop codon.

  2️⃣ The ribosomal complex disassembles.

  3️⃣ The polypeptide chain is released into the cytoplasm.

  4️⃣ The ribosomal subunits separate.
• What is the purpose of post-translational modifications (PTMs)?

  Protein folding and stability
• Match the types of PTMs with their descriptions:

  Glycosylation ↔️ Addition of sugar molecules

  Phosphorylation ↔️ Addition of phosphate groups

  Methylation ↔️ Addition of methyl groups

  Acetylation ↔️ Addition of acetyl groups
• Phosphorylation can activate enzymes in metabolic pathways.