4.2.2 Phylogenetics

• What is phylogenetics the study of?

  Evolutionary relationships
• Phylogenetics combines genetic data and morphology
• Phylogenetic trees visually illustrate evolutionary lineages and common ancestors.
• Match the application of phylogenetics with its benefit:

  Biodiversity Conservation ↔️ Identifies species at risk

  Understanding Disease Origins ↔️ Traces spread of pathogens

  Evolutionary Research ↔️ Reveals species adaptation
• Why is phylogenetics important for biodiversity conservation?

  Identifies species at risk
• Phylogenetic trees use branches to represent lineages
• Nodes in a phylogenetic tree represent common ancestors.
• What does the root of a phylogenetic tree indicate?

  Earliest common ancestor
• The tips of a phylogenetic tree represent current species.
• Steps in constructing phylogenetic trees

  1️⃣ Collect DNA sequence data

  2️⃣ Compare sequences to identify similarities

  3️⃣ Construct a rooted or unrooted tree
• What type of phylogenetic tree has a common ancestor?

  Rooted tree
• Phylogenetics combines genetic data and morphology
• Phylogenetics is used to trace the evolution and spread of pathogens.
• Nodes in a phylogenetic tree represent common ancestors.
• What type of phylogenetic data is based on physical features?

  Morphological data
• What type of data is used to construct phylogenetic trees?

  Genetic data
• A rooted phylogenetic tree includes a common ancestor
• An unrooted phylogenetic tree shows the earliest common ancestor.

  False
• What does a rooted phylogenetic tree show the relationship between humans, chimps, and gorillas?

  A primate ancestor
• Morphological data in phylogenetics is based on physical features and anatomical structures
• What is molecular data in phylogenetics based on?

  DNA and RNA sequences
• What does molecular phylogenetics use to study evolutionary relationships?

  DNA and protein sequencing
• Phylogenetics combines genetic data and morphology to understand evolutionary relationships.
• Match the component of a phylogenetic tree with its description:

  Branches ↔️ Represent lineages over time

  Nodes ↔️ Represent common ancestors

  Roots ↔️ Indicate the earliest common ancestor

  Tips ↔️ Represent current species
• What does the root of a phylogenetic tree indicate?

  Earliest common ancestor
• What is a major limitation of phylogenetic analysis due to convergent evolution?

  Misleading relationships
• Incomplete data in phylogenetics can distort evolutionary relationships
• How does phylogenetics aid in biodiversity conservation?

  Identifies species at risk
• What does phylogenetics help trace in medicine?

  Origins of diseases
• Phylogenetics has been used to breed disease-resistant rice varieties.
• Order the applications of phylogenetics based on their primary benefits:

  1️⃣ Biodiversity Conservation: Identifies species at risk

  2️⃣ Medicine: Traces disease origins and spread

  3️⃣ Agriculture: Improves crop yield and disease resistance