6.1.3 Factors Affecting Transmission

• What does the term "transmission" refer to in the context of pathogens?

  Spread of pathogens
• Pathogen transmission routes are broadly classified into direct and indirecttransmission
• Give an example of a pathogen transmission route that involves direct physical contact.

  Touching, shaking hands
• In indirect transmission, pathogens can be spread through contaminated surfaces or vectorsthemselves
• Direct transmission involves pathogens passing through an intermediate source.

  False
• How does temperature affect pathogen transmission rates?

  Varies by pathogen
• Vaccination is a key host factor that can reduce pathogen transmission
• What does the term "virulence" refer to in the context of pathogens?

  Severity of disease
• Pathogens with a longer survival duration in the environment are less likely to transmit.

  False
• Match the transmission factor with its description:

  Environmental Conditions ↔️ Temperature, humidity, sanitation

  Host Factors ↔️ Immune status, vaccination, behaviour

  Pathogen Characteristics ↔️ Virulence, survival duration, mode of transmission
• Some viruses are more stable in colder temperatures
• Vaccination reduces pathogen transmission by generating immunity.
• What determines the severity of disease caused by a pathogen?

  Virulence
• Individuals with weakened immune systems are more vulnerable
• What term describes the ability of a pathogen to cause severe illness?

  Virulence
• Airborne transmission can spread pathogens over greater distances than contact transmission.
• Bacteria thrive in warm, humid environments
• Which host factor affects susceptibility to infection?

  Immune status
• Respiratory hygiene involves covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing.
• Appropriate use of antibiotics is crucial to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance
• What is one of the most effective ways to prevent pathogen transmission?

  Handwashing
• High vaccination rates can lead to herd immunity.
• Infection control protocols in healthcare settings help prevent the spread of healthcare-associated infections
• Which environmental condition contributed to the cholera outbreak in Haiti?

  Warm, humid climate
• The COVID-19 pandemic spread globally due to high virulence and airborne transmission.