6.6.1 Theories of motivation

• In the workplace, motivation is significant because it affects employee productivity, job satisfaction, and overall performance
• A motivated employee is more likely to meet targets and contribute to the organization's success.
• Motivation in the workplace significantly impacts employee productivity, job satisfaction, and overall performance
• A salesperson motivated by commission might work harder to close deals, benefiting both the individual and the company.
• Frederick Taylor's theory, known as Scientific Management, focused on increasing efficiency through specialization
• Elton Mayo's Hawthorne Studies highlighted the importance of social factors in improving worker morale and productivity.
• Order the levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs from lowest to highest:

  1️⃣ Physiological

  2️⃣ Safety

  3️⃣ Social

  4️⃣ Esteem

  5️⃣ Self-actualization
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs begins with physiological needs, which include basic requirements like food, shelter, and salary
• A worker motivated by self-actualization might pursue advanced training or lead innovative projects to enhance their skills and personal development.
• Match each hierarchy level with its workplace aspect:

  Physiological ↔️ Adequate wages

  Safety ↔️ Comprehensive insurance

  Social ↔️ Team-building activities

  Esteem ↔️ Promotions

  Self-actualization ↔️ Challenging projects
• Early theories of motivation include Frederick Taylor's focus on efficiency, Elton Mayo's emphasis on social factors, and Abraham Maslow's hierarchical need structure
• Elton Mayo's Hawthorne Studies improved worker morale through attention, highlighting the importance of social factors.
• Herzberg's two-factor theory divides job satisfaction into motivators and hygiene factors
• Motivators in Herzberg's theory, such as recognition for outstanding performance, increase job satisfaction and motivation.
• Equity theory proposes that individuals are motivated when they perceive fair treatment relative to their peers
• If perceived inequity arises, employees might reduce their effort or leave the company to address the unfairness.
• Equity theory proposes that individuals are motivated when they perceive fair treatment relative to their peers
• Employees might leave the company if they perceive inequity in their effort/reward ratio
• Match the key concepts of equity theory with their descriptions:

  Effort/Reward Ratio ↔️ Comparison of inputs and outputs

  Referent Others ↔️ Peers used as points of comparison

  Responses to Inequity ↔️ Actions taken to address unfairness
• In the workplace, motivation affects employee productivity, job satisfaction, and overall performance
• Scientific Management, Hawthorne Studies, and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs are early theories of motivation
• Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management increased efficiency through specialization
• Elton Mayo's Hawthorne Studies highlighted the importance of social factors in motivation
• Arrange Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the correct order from lowest to highest:

  1️⃣ Physiological needs

  2️⃣ Safety needs

  3️⃣ Social needs

  4️⃣ Esteem needs

  5️⃣ Self-actualization needs
• Match the hierarchy levels of Maslow's theory with their corresponding workplace aspects:

  Physiological needs ↔️ Basic salary

  Safety needs ↔️ Job security

  Social needs ↔️ Relationships with colleagues

  Esteem needs ↔️ Recognition and respect

  Self-actualization needs ↔️ Personal growth and fulfillment
• How many levels of human motivation does Maslow's hierarchy of needs outline?

  Five
• Physiological needs in Maslow's hierarchy include basic survival requirements like food and salary
• What type of needs involve recognition and respect in Maslow's hierarchy?

  Esteem needs
• Self-actualization needs are the highest level of motivation in Maslow's hierarchy.
• Match the two-factor theory factors with their effects on job satisfaction.

  Motivators ↔️ Increase satisfaction

  Hygiene Factors ↔️ Prevent dissatisfaction
• What is an example of a motivator according to Herzberg's two-factor theory?

  Achievement
• Vroom's expectancy theory posits that motivation depends on expectancy, instrumentality, and valence
• What is the formula for motivation in Vroom's expectancy theory?

  $Expectancy \times Instrumentality \times Valence$
• Vroom's expectancy theory focuses more on the link between effort and reward than Maslow's hierarchy.
• What is the main principle of equity theory?

  Fair treatment
• Order the key principles of goal-setting theory.

  1️⃣ Specificity

  2️⃣ Challenge

  3️⃣ Feedback

  4️⃣ Commitment
• A specific goal in goal-setting theory is a clearly defined outcome
• What is the primary emphasis of goal-setting theory?

  Motivational power of goals
• Match the motivation theory with its key concepts.

  Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs ↔️ Hierarchy of human needs

  Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory ↔️ Motivators and hygiene factors

  Vroom's Expectancy Theory ↔️ Expectancy, instrumentality, valence
• What is an example of applying Maslow's hierarchy to improve employee engagement?

  Providing competitive salaries