18.4.1 Synthetic Routes

• What are synthetic routes in organic chemistry?

  Series of chemical reactions
• Steps involved in a synthetic route

  1️⃣ Starting with simple organic compounds

  2️⃣ Applying a sequence of reactions

  3️⃣ Isolating and purifying intermediates

  4️⃣ Achieving high yields
• The synthesis of paracetamol involves nitration, reduction, and acetylation.
• Potassium dichromate is a reagent used to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes or carboxylic acids
• What is a common catalyst used in hydrogenation reactions?

  Platinum
• Potassium dichromate is a reagent used to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes or carboxylic acids
• Match the key term with its function:

  Reagent ↔️ Reacts with substances

  Catalyst ↔️ Speeds up reactions

  Solvent ↔️ Dissolves reactants
• Potassium dichromate is a reagent used to oxidize alcohols to aldehydes or carboxylic acids
• Oxidation involves the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen in a molecule.
• What is the product of the reduction of ethanal with hydrogen?

  Ethanol
• Esterification involves the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid
• Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a compound by the addition of water.
• What type of reaction combines two reactants to form a single product?

  Addition
• Substitution involves replacing one atom or group in a molecule with another
• Elimination reactions often result in the formation of a double bond.
• What is hydrolysis in organic chemistry?

  Breakdown by water addition
• In an addition reaction, two reactants combine to form a single product
• A substitution reaction involves replacing one atom or group in a molecule.
• What is the primary outcome of an elimination reaction?

  Formation of a double bond
• Match the reaction type with its definition:

  Oxidation ↔️ Gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen

  Reduction ↔️ Loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen

  Esterification ↔️ Formation of an ester

  Hydrolysis ↔️ Breakdown by water addition
• What happens during oxidation in organic chemistry?

  Gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
• Reduction involves the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen in a molecule.
• Esterification involves the formation of an ester from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
• What two products are formed when ethyl ethanoate undergoes hydrolysis?

  Ethanoic acid and ethanol
• Steps for planning a complex synthesis

  1️⃣ Identify the starting materials and desired product

  2️⃣ Break down the synthesis into smaller steps

  3️⃣ Use protecting groups if necessary

  4️⃣ Choose appropriate reagents and conditions

  5️⃣ Consider retrosynthesis

  6️⃣ Optimize reaction sequence

  7️⃣ Include purification steps
• Retrosynthesis involves working backward from the desired product to identify simpler precursors.
• To synthesize ethyl ethanoate retrosynthetically, one starts with ethanoic acid and ethanol
• Match the term with its definition:

  Reagent ↔️ A substance consumed in a reaction

  Catalyst ↔️ Speeds up reaction without being used

  Solvent ↔️ Dissolves reactants
• What is a synthetic route in organic chemistry?

  A plan for creating compounds
• Achieving high yields is essential in a synthetic route to maximize product quantity
• The synthesis of paracetamol involves nitration, reduction, and acetylation.
• What is the role of a reagent in a chemical reaction?

  Reacts and is consumed
• A catalyst speeds up the reaction by lowering the activation energy
• A solvent participates directly in the chemical reaction.

  False
• What is the role of platinum in hydrogenation reactions?

  Catalyst
• Water is a frequently used solvent in chemical reactions.
• What happens to a molecule during oxidation in organic chemistry?

  Gain oxygen or lose hydrogen
• Reduction involves the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.
• Esterification is the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
• What type of reaction is the addition of bromine to ethene?

  Addition