18.4.2 Green Chemistry

• What is the primary aim of Green Chemistry?

  Minimize hazardous substances
• The 12 principles of Green Chemistry provide a framework for designing safer and more sustainable
• Atom economy measures the efficiency of a chemical reaction by calculating the percentage of reactants converted into the desired product.
• Which principle of Green Chemistry aims to incorporate all starting materials into the final product?

  Maximize atom economy
• Arrange the following principles of Green Chemistry in a logical order:

  1️⃣ Design for energy efficiency

  2️⃣ Use renewable feedstocks

  3️⃣ Reduce derivatives

  4️⃣ Use catalysts

  5️⃣ Design for degradation
• Atom economy measures the efficiency of a chemical reaction by determining what percentage of the starting materials ends up in the desired product
• Catalysts in Green Chemistry reduce the activation energy required for reactions, enabling them to occur under milder conditions.
• What catalyst is used in the hydrogenation of alkenes in Green Chemistry?

  Palladium
• One of the 12 principles of Green Chemistry is to use safer solvents and reaction conditions
• Match the principle of Green Chemistry with its description:

  Prevent waste ↔️ Minimize waste generation through optimized reaction design

  Maximize atom economy ↔️ Incorporate all starting materials into the final product

  Design for energy efficiency ↔️ Reduce energy demand by operating at ambient temperature and pressure

  Use catalysts ↔️ Enable reactions with lower energy and higher efficiency
• Designing for degradation ensures that chemicals break down into harmless substances after use.
• What does the principle "Prevent waste" in Green Chemistry aim to achieve?

  Minimize waste generation
• The principle "Maximize atom economy" focuses on incorporating all starting materials into the final product
• Developing syntheses that use and generate toxic substances aligns with the principle "Design less hazardous chemical syntheses"

  False
• What type of chemicals should be selected to adhere to the principle "Use safer chemicals and auxiliaries"?

  Minimal hazard profiles
• Water is a preferred solvent because it is non-toxic
• Operating reactions at high temperatures and pressures reduces energy demand.

  False
• What are renewable feedstocks in Green Chemistry derived from?

  Sustainable resources
• Steps for using catalysts in Green Chemistry reactions

  1️⃣ Choose a suitable catalyst

  2️⃣ Reduce activation energy

  3️⃣ Lower reaction temperature

  4️⃣ Increase atom economy
• Designing products that break down into harmless substances after use aligns with the principle "Design for degradation"
• What does Atom Economy measure in a chemical reaction?

  Efficiency of atom incorporation
• The formula for Atom Economy is \text{Atom Economy} = \frac{\text{Mass of desired product}}{\text{Total mass of reactants}} \times 100\%</latex>, where the hidden word is reactants
• A higher atom economy indicates a greener reaction.
• Why are catalysts used in Green Chemistry reactions?

  Reduce activation energy
• Match the features of reactions with and without catalysts:

  Reactions without catalysts ↔️ High activation energy

  Reactions using catalysts ↔️ Low energy consumption
• Palladium catalysts are used in the hydrogenation of alkenes
• Solvent-free reactions eliminate the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
• What happens in a solid-state reaction?

  Reactions occur in solid phase
• Match the type of solvent-free reaction with its definition:

  Mechanochemical reactions ↔️ Mechanical energy initiates reactions

  Neat reactions ↔️ Neat reactants directly mix
• What are bio-based feedstocks derived from?

  Renewable resources
• Bio-based feedstocks reduce greenhouse gas emissions
• Sustainability is a key benefit of using bio-based feedstocks.
• What is corn starch used for in bio-based applications?

  Bioplastics
• Vegetable oils are used as bio-based feedstocks for biodiesel.
• Match the characteristic with the type of feedstock:

  Fossil fuels ↔️ Traditional feedstocks

  Renewable biomass ↔️ Bio-based feedstocks
• Corn starch is used as a bio-based feedstock for producing bioplastics
• What is vegetable oil used for in bio-based feedstock applications?

  Biodiesel
• Bio-based feedstocks are derived from fossil fuels.

  False
• Bio-based feedstocks are derived from renewable resources such as plants, algae, or agricultural waste
• What is one key benefit of using bio-based feedstocks?

  Reduced greenhouse gas emissions