6.2 Thermal physics

• Thermal equilibrium occurs when two objects have the same temperature and no net heat exchange occurs between them.

  True
• Match the type of latent heat with its definition:

  Latent heat of fusion ↔️ Heat to melt a solid into a liquid

  Latent heat of vaporization ↔️ Heat to evaporate a liquid into a gas
• Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles
• The formula for heat transfer is Q = mcΔT.
• What is the latent heat of vaporization?

  Heat to evaporate liquid
• What type of heat transfer occurs in a boiling pot of water?

  Convection
• Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.
• What temperature does 0 K represent?

  Absolute zero
• What is thermal equilibrium?

  Same temperature
• Match the aspect with its state before and at thermal equilibrium:

  Temperature before equilibrium ↔️ Unequal

  Temperature at equilibrium ↔️ Equal

  Heat exchange before equilibrium ↔️ Occurs

  Heat exchange at equilibrium ↔️ Ceases
• What is the formula for heat transfer?

  Q = mc\Delta T</latex>
• Match the type of latent heat with its definition and example:

  Latent heat of fusion ↔️ Melting a solid into a liquid ||| Heat required to melt ice into liquid water

  Latent heat of vaporization ↔️ Evaporating a liquid into a gas ||| Heat required to boil water into steam
• Gases have a high thermal expansion coefficient.
• Match the material type with its thermal expansion coefficient:

  Solids ↔️ Low

  Liquids ↔️ Moderate

  Gases ↔️ High
• Ideal gases have negligible intermolecular forces.


  True
• Entropy is a measure of the disorder or randomness
• What does temperature measure in a substance?

  Average kinetic energy
• What condition defines thermal equilibrium between two systems?

  Same temperature
• Match the material with its specific heat capacity (approximate values):

  Water ↔️ 4186 J/kg°C

  Aluminum ↔️ 900 J/kg°C

  Copper ↔️ 385 J/kg°C
• What type of latent heat is required to melt a solid into a liquid?

  Latent Heat of Fusion
• Radiation does not require a medium for heat transfer.


  True
• What type of heat transfer occurs in a boiling pot of water?

  Convection
• Thermal expansion occurs when matter changes in volume due to temperature changes.
• Order the states of matter from lowest to highest thermal expansion coefficient:

  1️⃣ Solids

  2️⃣ Liquids

  3️⃣ Gases
• What is the Ideal Gas Law?

  $PV =$$nRT$
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy in an isolated system always increases
• Match the thermodynamic process with its key characteristic:

  Isothermal ↔️ Constant temperature

  Adiabatic ↔️ No heat exchange

  Isobaric ↔️ Constant pressure

  Isochoric ↔️ Constant volume
• Work done in an isobaric process is given by $W =$$P\Delta V$.


  True
• What does temperature measure in thermal physics?

  Average kinetic energy
• Which temperature scale is based on the freezing and boiling points of water at standard pressure?

  Celsius
• What is the relationship between Kelvin and Celsius?

  $T_{C} =$$T_{K} - 273.15$
• Thermal equilibrium occurs when objects exchange heat until their temperatures differ.

  False
• Match the material with its specific heat capacity:

  Water ↔️ 4186 J/kg°C

  Aluminum ↔️ 900 J/kg°C

  Steel ↔️ 450 J/kg°C

  Copper ↔️ 385 J/kg°C
• Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance.
• Radiation is a method of heat transfer that does not require a medium.
• There are three main temperature scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.


  True
• Thermometers measure temperature using the thermal expansion of materials.
• At thermal equilibrium, heat exchange between systems ceases.


  True
• Water has a high specific heat capacity, making it effective at absorbing and storing thermal energy.


  True
• What does temperature measure in terms of particle energy?

  Average kinetic energy